tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-71930004957441358872024-02-08T04:25:36.962-08:00Ecological Societywww.ecological-society.orghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03277606873549006844noreply@blogger.comBlogger18125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7193000495744135887.post-90420680830176380912015-03-22T23:43:00.002-07:002015-03-22T23:43:56.680-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Resource Economics<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">If economics is primarily
concerned with allocation of resources among competing wants, it ought to be
concerned with the health of resources & ensuring their continued supply.
It does nothing of the kind but mainstream economics tries to interpret &
analyze the working of Industrial Capitalism and that too without any attempt
to probe the foundations on which Industrial Capitalism stands.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ideally environmental
economics should fill in these gaps but again it seems to be content in finding
out & advocating certain palliatives which tend to bring in distributive
justice in societal wealth distribution. The concept of sustainable development
is introduced to counter the increasing depletion & deterioration of
resources and promote their wise use. Resources are divided into man-made
capital and natural capital. Economic sustainability is ensured if & when
man-made capital substitutes for natural capital. But environmental
sustainability cannot be achieved. Therefore the two are not perfect substitutable.
Certain other requirements are to be fulfilled if environmental sustainability
is to be achieved.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ultimately it all boils
down to putting restrictions on economic activity and irrational preferences
expressed in the market. A centrally directed planning approach cannot be
accepted as it involves denial of consumer sovereignty and individual liberty.
Some writers adopt a view that ecosystem requirements are more important than
consumer sovereignty. But it is by no means easy to judge ecosystem requirements
when natural ecosystems are hard to find as most of them are impacted and
modified by human activities and fulfilling ecosystem requirements may prefer
and satisfy wants of certain consumers which denying those of others.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A more realistic approach
would be to recognize that environmental problems have emerged essentially as
and when technology was geared to increase the scale of economic activity to
gigantic proportions. It is in response to the necessity of continuously
increasing production to satisfy on the one hand the increasing wants of
consumers and on the other the belief that increase in production will lead to
a trickle-down effect to achieve a better distribution of wealth in a society.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Scaling down economic
activity may involve use of efficient technology to minimize energy and
material use, use of alternative sources of energy and even materials and
properly ascribing prices to environmental (free goods) and nature’s services.
It is a moot question however, if distributive justice and societal welfare can
be achieved if all this is adopted.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A fourth approach which
prescribes local resources use to satisfy local wants is likely to bring in far
more social equity than the thrice approaches mentioned above. The problems of
limiting consumer sovereignty and reducing the scale of production are sought
to be addressed here not by establishing a central planning authority but- by
decentralizing authority as well as investment. If priority is given to use of
local resources their care, maintenance and enhancement should also have top
priority. Under Panchayat Raj adequate powers are available to grass root
institutions to achieve this. Some enlightened Panchayats are already taking
advantage of powers conferred on them.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">If wise utilization of local
resources results in an agricultural surplus over and above the basic
necessities of the local population, it can be marketed and profits can accrue
to the Panchayat. Local resources thereby will be given a value which is
honored by the market. This value can be enhanced, local purchasing power
increased, if local cultivars can be demonstrated to possess a unique taste,
high nutritional qualities and durability. Marketing of such products will
bring in higher profits and large purchasing power to grassroots organizations
and rural public, thereby enhancing their interest and capacity to care for the
quality and quantity of local resources.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Demand and supply will
have then an organic relationship with such basic resources as soil and water
and will not be driven solely by advances in technology as happens today.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mainstream economics has
been accused of not caring for the quality of consumer choices and the
resultant composition of output. Irrational consumer preferences propelled
slowly by technological advance have resulted in a product- mix containing
mainly of intermediate goods demanded by the rich and privileged when much of
the resources are allocated to such production, the owners of resources are
only interested in the amount of rent that they would collect and not exactly
care and maintenance of resources. They will be more interested in high
short-term gains and not lower but assured gains over a longer time.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">When demand and supply are
organically related the character of demand and the composition of supply are
likely to be different giving priority to satisfaction of basic needs of the
masses than production of higher values, intermediate goods meant for the rich.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Eventually industrial
capitalism and fossil fuel economy are likely to be replaced by natural
capitalism and carbohydrates based economy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">All this of course is
easier said than done. A complete change of paradigms is in order. The legal
emphasis needs to change from laws protecting exploitation of resources to laws
protecting conservation of resources. Technological content needs to change in
a similar fashion. We need greater doses and variety in what today is called
appropriate technology- small scale and energy and material efficient. Likewise
radical changes are needed in our educational system. It may be easier to
motivate groups of children in rural areas to take care of their own local
resources such as the hill behind the village, the stream flowing through it,
the quality of soil in their fields and the wild flora and fauna in and around
the village. City children are already goaded to demonstrate against air
pollution and traffic indiscipline. They can be further exposed to the
realities of city’s impact on the surrounding countryside and how resources and
landscapes destroyed during city’s expansion can be restored and regenerated.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Such a paradigm change may
also involve tremendous saving- in terms of reduced or abolished subsidies, in
terms of saving in energy and materials use, in terms of transport and traffic
and in terms of reduced waste and garbage and obviating the need for
centralized gigantic projects.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">As resources are diverted
away from production of unnecessary or intermediate goods, the entire culture
based on demand stimulation and promotion of a voluptuous life style should be
replaced by one which emphasizes quality of life including adequate medical
care, healthy and nutritious food for all, outdoor games and healthy recreation
care of the aged and disabled and promotion of arts and crafts.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The present political parties
both in power and in the opposition are incapable of bringing about such a
paradigm change. A properly organized Green Party with strong rural roots and
urban branches appears to be the harbinger of change.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Something needs to be
stated about the ownership of natural resources. It is not necessary to do away
with individual ownership. At the village level individual ownership of land
etc. can be retained but its use should be according to the needs of the village
plan. Water may be individually allocated according to the crop pattern decided
by the village. (Phad </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">fxD</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> system from north Maharashtra which implies exactly these
things needs to be popularized)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">As villages become
self-reliant in resource use, as quality of life in villages is enhanced, the
supply of resources to cities (having top priority today) will be reduced
putting a stop to today’s unending urban growth. It may even result in reverse
migration from urban to rural areas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Lastly a word about the
necessity of globalization, integrating Indian economy with the emerging world
order. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ideally this paradigm also needs
to change.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">India is location in the
world is unique, a fact recognized by travelers who crisscrossed India from
east and west since ancient times. The result is high biodiversity and resource
availability. With their proper care and utilization Indians can be
self-sufficient despite the population pressure. Globalization is sought by
countries which are or have become poor in resources and biodiversity. They
need resources from other countries to satisfy the needs of their pampered life
style. They cannot survive without export and import- export of technology and
weapons and import of natural resources. India however, can be quite selective
in adopting globalization. We need technology and knowledge to bolster our
security needs. We do not need technology and knowledge which guzzle our
resources and cater to individual ego (like expensive cars). On the other hand
we can export knowledge based on the study of biodiversity such as their case &
maintenance & innovative uses for medicine, as raw materials etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In essence care & wise
utilization of resources opens up tremendous opportunities of employment,
increase in purchasing power of the masses, and enhancement of the quality of
life in rural areas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 9;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Prakash Gole<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
www.ecological-society.orghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03277606873549006844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7193000495744135887.post-35319659011616873292014-02-03T01:40:00.004-08:002014-02-03T01:40:55.955-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
इतिहास, अर्थशास्त्र आणि पर्यावरण </div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">paRqvaIvar
maaNasaacaa pa`vaoSa haoNyaapaUvaI_ jyaa GaTnaa GaDlyaa tyaaMnaa {tk`xaMtaI
Asao mhNataa yao[_la AaiNa maanavaacaa {dya JaalyaanaMtarcyaa GaTnaaMnaa [itahasa
mhNataa yao[_la. maaNasaanao tyaacyaa AaQaIcyaa kxaLabaÕla mhNajao
{tk`xaMtaIbaÕla Amaapa saMSaaoQana koxlao Aaho.tyaacaa inaYkxYa_ Asaa idsataao
kxI pa`gataI, AQaaogataI yaa maanavaI saMkxlpanaa {tk` aMtaIlaa laagaU paDta
naahIta. paNa kxaoNyaa ekxa ApaGaataanao paRqvaIvar jaIva (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Life</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">) inamaa_Na Jaalao AaiNa maga paRqvaIvarIla vaataavarNaaSaI jamavaUna
GaoNao, tyaata jagaNao AaiNa pa`janana kxrNao hoca jaIvaaMcao Eaoya zrlao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> paRqvaIcyaa gaaByaata paaNyaacaI vaaf
haotaI ha camatkxar mhTlaa paaihjao kxarNa paRqvaIvar paaNaI nasatao tar
jaIvaaMcaI inaima_taI JaalaIca nasataI. paaNyaacao sauriXata kxvaca saaoDUna
jaimanaIvar svataM~apaNao jagaNyaacaI saXamataa pa`aNyaaMnaa gaaztaa AalaI
kaoTËavaQaI vaYaa_Mcyaa kxalaavaQaInaMtar. paRqvaIBaaovataI AaoJaaona qar
(laoyar) tayaar haoNao AaiNa vaataavarNaataIla pa`aNavaayaUcao pa`maaNa vaaZNao
yaa gaaoYTI jaovha pa`tyaXaata Aalyaa, taovhaca jaimanaIvar jaIvaaMcaI {tk`xaMtaI
JapaTËanao JaalaI. tyaacabaraobar pa`aNavaayaUiSavaaya jagaNaaro jao jaIva haotao,
tao naYT Jaalao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> {tk`xaMtaI saaMgatao kxI yaa GaTnaa
haoNyaasa fxar kxalaavaQaI laagalaa. bauÔI kxmaivaNyaaAaQaI jaIvaaMnaI SaarIirkx
SaWtaI kxmaaivalaI AaiNa baraca kxaL raXasaI
SarIro AsaNaa%yaa mahakxaya pa`aNyaaMnaI paRqvaIvar AXarSa: QauDgaUsa Gaatalaa.
paNa kxaoNatyaahI pa`kxarcyaa Aitarokxata tyaacyaa ivanaaSaacaI baIjao dDlaolaI
Asataata, ho {tk`xaMtaInao daKavaUna idlao Asao mhNataa yao[_la. kxarNa kxalaaMtaranao
ho raXasaI pa`aNaI naYT Jaalao AaiNa ekxa icamaukxlyaa pa`aNyaanao jagaNyaata
baajaI maarlaI. yaa pa`aNyaacyaa jagaNyaabaraobarca paRqvaIvar ek navao yauga
Avatarlao Asao mhNaavaosao vaaTtao. SaWtaIcyaa vaca_svaacaa jamaanaa Aataa saMpalaa
AaiNa saur} Jaalaa bauÔIcyaa vaca_svaacaa jamaanaa. tyaacaI pairNataI JaalaolaI
idsatao maanava pa`aNyaata. {tk`xaMtaIcaa [itahasa haotaao taao yaamauLoca-
SaWtaIpaoXaa bauÔI EaoYz hoca jaNaU maanavaacao Aistatva paRqvaIvar daKavaUna
dotao Aaho. maga ho Karo Aaho kxa?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> SaWtaIcao raXasaI r}pa QaarNa koxlyaavarca
itacao vaca_sva saMpauYTata Aalao, ho jar Karo Asaola tar bauÔInao raXasaI r}pa
QaarNa koxlyaavar bauÔIjaIvaI pa`aNaIhI Asaoca naYT haoNaar ho AaoGaanao Aalao.
evaZoca navho tar SaWtaIpaoXaa bauÔI EaoYz pa`aNaI fxar JapaTËanao ivanaaSaakxDo
jaaNaar. ivanaaSaapa`ta jaaNyaacaI tyaaMcaI Xamataa maaozI AsaNaar, AsaohI
vaaTU laagatao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> maanavaI pa`vaoSaabaraobar {tk`xaMtaIcaa
[itahasa Jaalaa, taaopaya_MtacaI {tk`xaMtaIcaI pairmaaNao pauYkxL AMSaI saMpauYTata
AalaI, navaI pairmaaNao AvatarlaI. taI kxaoNataI, AaiNa [itahasaacaI vaaTcaala
paahtaa, malaa tyaatalao naomakox kxaya Baavatao AaiNa kxaya naahI? hoca Aataa
pahayacao Aaho.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> maanavaacyaa paRqvaIvarIla pa`vaoSaabaraobar
{tkxaMtaIcaa [itahasa Jaalaa Kara, paNa hI pa`ik`xyaa hI pa`qamata: fxar maMd
gataInao saur} haotaI. italaa gataI pa`apta JaalaI jaovha maaNasaanao TUlsa
mhNajao htyaaro, Avajaaro tayaar kxrNyaacao kxsaba pa`apta kxr}na Gaotalao taovha.
SaWtaIcao vaca_sva saMpaUna bauÔIcao vaca_sva saur} haoNyaacaI saur}vaata
mhNajao ho kxsaba Aatmasaata kxrNao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> maaNasaacaa [itahasa paaihlaa tar
idsatao kxI tyaaMpaOkxI taIna-catauqaa_MSaapaoXaahI AiQak kxaL htyaaro
banaivaNyaacao kxsaba vaRiÔMgata kxrNyaata, tasaoca saMGaSaWtaIcaa pairNaamakxarkx
{payaaoga jagaNyaasaazI kxrNyaataca paDlaa Aaho. yaaca kxaLata maaNasaacaa pa`saar
jagaataIla inarinarawËa BaagaaMmaQyao Jaalaa Asao maanaNyaata yaotao. kxahI
Saas~a&aaMcyaa matao maanavaI {tk`xaMtaIcao koMxd` ho ekxca Asaavao AaiNa
itaqaUna maanava jagaBar pasarlaa. kxahI mhNataata ASaI koMxd`o caar ikMxvaa paaca
AsaavaIta AaiNa taoqaUna maanava javaLcyaa pa`doSaaMta sqalaaMtarIta Jaalaa Asaavaa.
maaJaa kxla maanavaI {tk`xaMtaIcaI koMxd`o Anaok AsaavaIta yaakDo Jaukxtao.
yaasaMbaMQaata KaUpa {tKanana, saMSaaoQana Jaalao Aaho, Aaif`xkoxta. tao kxrNaa%yaa
Saas~a&aaMcyaa matao maanavaI {tkxaMtaI saraovarakxazI, nadIkxazI,
bahuivaQa vanaspataIMnaI naTlaolyaa pa`doSaata, samaSaItaaoYNa tapamaanaata
JaalaI. paNa Asaa AnaukUxla pa`doSa saaoDUna maaNasaalaa [tar pa`doSaata
jaaNyaacaI garja kxaxinamaa_Na JaalaI AsaavaI! ho Saas~a&a mhNataata, kxI
yaa AnaukUxla pa`doSaata laaokxsaMKyaa vaaZlaI, Anna pauronaasao Jaalao AaiNa
maaNasaalaa dusa%yaa pa`doSaaMcaa SaaoQa GaoNao pa`apta Jaalao. yaa {laT malaa
vaaTtao kxI iSakxar AaiNa kMxdmauLo jamavaUna gaujaraNa kxrNaa%yaa jyaa
TaowËa Asataata, tyaata laaokxsaMKyaa hI
kxQaIca Dao[_jaD haota naahI. laaoksaMKyaa vaaZUna {palabQa Annaavar taaNa paDU
nayao mhNaUna yaa TaowËa dXa Asataata. ervaI, raogara[_, AapasaataIla saMGaYa_
tasaoca maaMsa BaXakx pa`aNyaaMnaa taaoMD doNao yaaMmauLo laaokxsaMKyaa kxmaI
haoNyaacaI SaWyataaca jaasta. kxmaI ikMxvaa vaanarsadRSya pa`aNyaapaasaUna
maaNasaacaI {tpa$aI JaalaI, Asao samajalao tar Aaja ikMxvaa najaIkxcyaa BaUtakxaLata
Asao pa`aNaI ijaqao ijaqao saapaDtaata, itaqao itaqao maanavaI {tpa$aI haoNao
saMBavatao. AgadI AilakxDcyaa kxaLapaya_Mta pa`vaasa hI gaaoYT koxvaZI KaDtar haotaI,
ho paaihlao kxI Aaidmaanava svaKauSaInao yaa maagaa_caa AvalaMba kxr}na fxar
maaozI AMtaro AaolaaMDIla hI gaaoYT ASaWya kxaoTItalaI vaaTtao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> AilakxDcyaa Saas~a&aaMnaI janaukxaMcaI
(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">DNA</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">) tapaasaNaI kxr}na yaa pa`Snaacaa inaNa_ya laavaNËacaa pa`yatna
koxlaa Aaho paNa samaaQaanakxark Asao ekx {$ar tyaaMcyaahI hataIM laagalaolao
naahI.gaolyaa dha hjaar vaYaa_Mta payaa_varNaata kxsao badla Jaalao ho Aataa kxLUna
caukxlao Aaho. eKaaÒa kxiTbaMQaata fxar pa`itakUxla Asao payaa_varNa tayaar
Jaalyaasa maanavaalaa sqalaaMtar kxrNao Baaga paDlao AsaNaar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">maa~a saumaaro paaca laaKa vaYaa_MpaUvaI_
Aaidmaanavaacyaa hataaMta AaNaKaI ekx “htyaar” Aalao kxI jyaacyaamauLo maanavaacaa sava_~a pa`saar haoNyaasa madta
JaalaI Asaola. ho “htyaar” mhNajao “Aaga”. Aaga laagaUna maaozËa pa`maaNaavar
jaMgalao jaaLlyaacao pauravao Aaif`xko ta imaLtaata. yaa AagaI AaidmaanavaaMnaI
jaMgalao hTivaNyaasaazI laavalyaa Asaavyaata, Asaa Saas~a&aaMcaa haora
Aaho. jaMgalao hTvaUna maaokxwËa koxlaolyaa pa`doSaata Anna SaaoQaNao va
imaLivaNao AaiNa tyaalaa maarNyaasa Tpalaolyaa vanya pa`aNyaaMpaasaUna bacaava
kxrNao, Aaidmaanavaalaa kxdaicata\ saaopao gaolao Asaavao. JauDupao, gavatao
yaaMcaI ivaivaQatahI yaamauLo vaaZlaI AaiNa tyaavar gaujaraNa kxrNaaro taRNaBaXakx
pa`aNaI inamaa_Na Jaalao, tyaaMcaIhI ivaivaQataa vaaZlaI. yaaMtalaoca kaahI pa`aNaI
pauZo “maaNasaaLlao” AaiNa tyaaMnaa maaNaUsa paLU laagalaa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> pa`aNaI
maaNasaaLivaNËacaI ikxmayaa maaNasaanao bahuQaa, tao BaTko jaIvana jagata Asataanaa,
fxLo, kMxdmauLo AaiNa qaaoDI fxar iSakxar yaaMvar gaujaraNa kxrIta Asataanaaca
saaQya koxlaI AsaavaI. yaapauZcaa Tppaa mhNajao vanaspataI maaNasaaLivaNao. tyaasaazI
AaNaKaI KaUpa kxaL jaavaa laagalaa. vanaspataIMmaQyaohI fxLo doNaarI JaaDo pa`qama
maaNasaaLlaI, mhNajao maaNaUsa tyaaMcaI laagavaD kxrNËasa iSakxlaa AaiNa tyaanaMtar,
mhNajao gaolyaa fxWta dha baara hjaar vaYaa_Mta maaNasaaLlaI gavatao. SaotaI
Aaho yaa maaNasaaLlaolyaa gavataaMvarca AaQaarIta. AaiNa ho GaDlao paRqvaIcyaa
AayauYyaata AgadI AilakxDo! SaWtaIpaoXaa bauÔI EaoYz ho maaNasaanao paunha ekxda
daKavaUna idlao AaiNa maaNasaacaa [itahasa mhNajao idvasaoMidvasa bauÔIcao
EaoYztva isaÔ kxrNaa%yaa GaTnaaMcaI gadI_ Asao mhNaNyaasaarKaI pairisqataI
inamaa_Na JaalaI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> SaotaIlaa
[itahasa Aaho koxvaL 10-12 hjaar vaYaa_Mcaa. tyaaAaQaI ikxtyaokx laaKa vaYao_
maaNaUsa BaTkox jaIvanaca jagata haotaa. yaa kxaLata jasao tyaacao htyaaro
Avajaaro banaivaNyaacao kxsaba vaaZlao, tasao AagaISaI tyaacaI jaana pahcaana
vaaZta gaolaI AsaNaar. kxccyaa maaMsaapaoXaa Baajalaolao maaMsa AiQakx r}cakxr
Asatao, pacaNyaasa saaopao Asatao, ho AagaInaoca Aaidmaanavaalaa iSakxivalao
AsaNaar. {ba doNao, maMdsaa pa`kxaSa doNao, ho AagaIcao dOnaMidna {payaaoga
Aahota, ho tyaanao jaaNalao AsaNaar! ranaTI gavataaMcyaa ibayaaMpaasaUna r}cakxr
gaaoYTI tayaar kxrNao, tyaa BaajaUna pacanayaaogya banaivaNao hI kxsabao
AagaISaI jaanapahcaana vaaZlyaanaMtarca SaWya Aahota. Anna iSajaivaNyaacaI kxlaa
iSakxlyaaiSavaaya SaotaI kxrNyaalaa Aqa_ naahI. taovha SaotaIvar AaQaarIta samaajavyavasqaa,
isqar jaIvana yaa gaaoYTI AilakxDcyaa kxaLataIla Asalyaa tarI tyaapaUvaI_ Anaok
AavaSyak ASaI kxsabao maaNasaanao Aatmasaata koxlaI AsaNaar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">SaotaIpaUvaI_cyaa pa`dIGa_ kxalaKaMData hI jaI “pa`gataI”
maaNasaanao saaQyao koxlaI, itacao yaaogya maaojamaapa kxaoNaI [itahasakxaranao
koxlaolao idsata naahI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">SaotaIbaraobarca maaNaUsa isqar jaIvana jagaU laagalaa
AaiNa tyaamauLo tyaacaI &aanasaMpada vaaZNyaasa madta JaalaI. pa`yaaogaavar
AaQaarIta Saas~ao AaiNa tak_xSaas~aavar AaQaarIta vaaD\.maya yaa isqar
jaIvanaamauLoca SaWya Jaalao. paNa SaotaIcaa pa`mauKa fxayada mhNajao SaotaItaUna
maaNasaalaa imaLalaolao AitairWta {tpaadna (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">surplus</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">) yaa AitairWta {tpaadnaamauLoca SaWtaIpaoXaa bauÔI EaoYz Asao inaiva_vaadpaNao
mhNaNao Aataa durapasta Jaalao! Asao kxa? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> tar SaotaImauLo
isqar Jaalaolyaa maanavaI TaowËaMmaQyao Aataa SaotakxrI AaiNa [tar Asao gaT
inamaa_Na Jaalao. Saotakx%yaanao Qaanya ipakxvaayacao AaiNa [taraMnaI tao ipakxivaNyaasa
tyaalaa madta kxrayacaI, AaiNa tyaacyaa maaobadlyaata tyaacyaakxDUna Qaanya
imaLvaayacao ASaI sava_saaQaarNa vyavasqaa zrlaI AsaavaI. maa~a ho AitairWta
{tpaadna samaajaataIla inarinarawËa GaTkxaMnaa kxaoNatyaa pa`maaNaata vaaTUna
Òayacao, tyaamaQyao Aga`k`xma kxaoNaalaa Òayacaa, ho pa`Sna samaaQaanakxarkxrItyaa
saaoDivaNao maaNasaacyaa bauÔIlaa tyaavaoLolaaca kxaya paNa Aajacyaa AaQauinakx
yaugaatahI saaQya Jaalaolao idsata naahI. yaasaazI bauÔIlaa SaWtaIcaI jaaoD
doNyaacaI AavaSyakxtaa tyaa kxaLata jaSaI BaasalaI AsaNaar, taSaIca taI AajahI
Baasata Aaho. maanavaI samaajaata bauÔIcao EaoYztva kxQaIca inaiva_vaadpaNao
isaÔ Jaalaolao naahI. {laT AitairWta {tpaadnaacyaa SaWyataolaa jaIvanaavaSyak
vastaUMcyaa TMcaa[_caI jaaoD idlaI kxI SaWtaIcaa Ayaaogya {payaaoga haoNyaacaI
SaWyataa duNaavaU laagatao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">maaNasaanao SaotaI kxr}na AitairWta {tpaadna imaLivalao Karo,
paNa tyaacavaoLI tyaacyaa laXaata Aalao AsaNaar, kxI Asao {tpanna doNaarI
jamaIna mayaa_idta Asatao. tasaoca yaa SaotaIlaa laagaNaaro paaNaIhI mayaa_idta
Asatao AaiNa jaimanaIcaI sauipakxtaa iTkxvaUna QarNyaasaazI jyaa gaaoYTI
AavaSyakx Asataata, tyaahI mayaa_idta Asataata. AitairWta {tpaadnaabaraobarca tao
imaLivaNyaasaazI AaiNa iTkxivaNyaasaazI laagaNaa%yaa saaQanaaMcaI kxmatartaa
yaa gaaoYTIlaahI maanavaI samaajaaMnaa taovhapaasaUna taaoMD Òavao laagalao
Aaho.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">yaapaUvaI_, BaTWyaa jaIvanaata maaNasaalaa TMcaa[_ maahIta
navhtaI Asao naahI. sqalaaMtar ha tyaavar {paaya haotaa. kxarNa laaokxsaMKyaocyaa
maanaanao jaimanaIcao Xao~a Amaapa haotao. qaaoDIfxar iSakxar (maaNasaacyaa
Annaata vaaTa saumaaro vaIsa TWkox) AaiNa fxLo, kMxdmauLo, ibayaa, vagaOro
jamaivaNao ho kxaoNatyaahI pa`kxarcyaa jaimanaIvar SaWya haotao, ho maaNaUsa
AnauBavaanao iSakxlaolaa haotaa. SaotaImauLo maa~a maaNaUsa jaimanaIcyaa ekxa taukxDËaSaI
jaKaDlaa gaolaa AaiNa kxaozohI BaTkUna Anna imaLivaNyaacao tyaacao svaataM~ya
saMpalao. AaQauinakx [itahasakxar maaNasaacyaa BaTWyaa jaIvanakxaLasa maanavaI
jaIvanaatalao sauvaNa_yauga samajataata. maga ho sauvaNa_yauga, ha AtyaMta
AanaMdacaa va samaaQaanaacaa kxaL, hI jaIvanaSaOlaI saaoDUna AitairWta {tpaadnaacyaa
laaoBaanao maaNasaanao ekxa jaimanaIcyaa taukxDËalaa jaKaDUna Gaotalao, hI pa`gataI
kxa AQaaogataI, ha maanavaI bauÔIcaa ivajaya kxa parajaya? kxarNa maanavaI
samaajaataIla sava_ du:Kao, ivaYamataa, jaulauma, saMGaYa_ AaiNa ihMsaa,
Atyaacaar yaaMcaa {gama isqar jaIvanaSaOlaIta idsataao. AitairWta {tpaadnaabaraobarca
AitairWta laaokxsaMKyaa hI DaokoxduKaIhI taovhapaasaUnaca kxayamacaI BaoDsaavaU
laagalaI maaNasaalaa!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">SaotaIlaa, kxahI laoKakxaMnaI maanavaanao inasagaa_ ivar}Ô
koxlaolaa paihlaa maaoza gaunha, Asao mhTlao Aaho. payaa_varNaIyadRYTËa paaihlao
tar tao Karoca Aaho. SaotaIcao payaa_varNaIya svar}pa sahsaa samaajaapauZo
saaMigatalao jaata naahI, AByaasak`xmaata tao samaaivaYT naahI. tyaamauLo SaotaI
AaiNa SaotakxrI yaaMcyaa baabata Anaok gaOrsamaja samaajaata r}jalaolao idsataata.
SaotakxrI jaovha jaimanaIcyaa taukxDËavar paIk laavataao tyaavaoLI taao Asao
zrivataao kxI yaa taukxDËavar paDNaarI sava_ saUya_SaWtaI koxvaL yaaca ipakxasaazI
vaaparlaI jaa[_la. [tar vanaspataIMnaa taI imaLNaar naahI. hI gaaoYT inasagaa_cyaa
ivar}Ôca Aaho. inasagaa_ta ASaI gaaoYT jaovha GaDtao, taovha tyaa vanaspataIlaa
AsaMKya Sa~aU inamaa_Na haotaata, kxI
jao tyaa vanaspataIcaI vaaZ raoKataata. Saotakx%yaalaahI yaa Sa~aUMnaa satata taaoMD
Òavaoca laagatao. tyaamauLo SaotaIta, na BaTkxtaa, ekxaca jaagaI isqar rahUna {tpanna
imaLta Asalao tarI tao SaaSvata nasatao. maaozËa pa`maaNaata, ivastaRta Xao~aavar
koxlaolyaa SaotaIlaa Sa~aUhI maaozËa pa`maaNaata inamaa_Na haota Asalyaanao taI
yaSasvaI zrta naahI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">SaotaInao maataIvar haoNaaro pairNaama laXaata Gaotalao tar
{YNa kxiTbaMQaata SaotaI yaSasvaI haoNyaacaI SaWyataa duravatao. [qao paa{]sa
maaosamaI Asalyaanao jamaIna {GaDI paDlaI kxI taI Aaola gamaavatao, kxaorDI paDlyaanao
itacaI QaUpa haotao AaiNa paaNyaacyaa kxmatartaomauLo BarGaaosa {tpanna SaotaItaUna
imaLNao durapasta haotao. yaa {laT samaSaItaaoYNa kxiTbaMQaata baarmaahI paa{]sa,
saKaaola jamaIna, italaa drvaYaI_ ihvaawËata imaLNaarI ivaEaaMtaI yaaMmauLo
SaotaIMtaUna BarGaaosa {tpanna imaLNyaacaI SaWyataa AiQak. Baarta SaotaIpa`Qaana
doSa Aaho mhNajao BaartataIla pairisqataI SaotaIlaa AtyaMta AnaukUxla Aaho,
Asao navho tar BaartaatalaI janataa SaotaIiSavaaya dusara QaMda kxrIta naahI hI
satyaisqataI Aaho Asaa haotaao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">SaotaIcao jaOvaivaivaQataovar haoNaaro pairNaama pa`qamata:
laXaata yaoNyaa[takox SaotaIcao svar}pa vyaapakx Jaalao navhtao. tarI SaotaIsaazI
jaMgala taaoDUna jamaIna ijaqao imaLvaavaI laagalaI, itaqao vanya pa`aNaI - paXaI
doSaaoQaDIlaa laagalyaacao laaokxaMnaI AnauBaivalao haotao. paNa yaaMi~akx SaotaIcaa
{d\Bava haoNyaaAaQaI ha pa`Sna evaZa taIva` navhtaa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">SaotaImauLo sapaM$aIcao svar}pahI badlalao. Aataapaya_Mta
saMpa$aI hI saaonao, r}pao, rtnao AaiNa javaahIr, daiganao AaiNa jaDavaacao kxapaD
ASaa gaaoYTIta vyaWta haota Asao. ASaI saMpa$aI imaLivaNyaata svakxYTapaoXaa
naSaIba AaiNa SaWtaI yaaMcaaca vaaTa jaasta Asao. tyaamauLo samaajaataIla maatabar
laaokxca ASaa saMpa$aIcaa saaza kxr} Sakxta. Aata maa~a svakxYTanao SaotaItalao
AitairWta {tpaadna pa`apta haotao hI jaaNaIva samaajaalaa JaalaI. {tpanna pa`qamata: samaajaataIla dovataolaa,
maMidralaa Apa_Na koxlao jaata Asaavao va itaqaUna tao maMidracyaa paujaa%yaakxDo
jaata Asaavao. pauZo rajaanao Saotasaara GaoNyaacaI paÔta paDlaI AaiNa yaa {tpannaacaa
zraivakx vaaTa rajasa$aokxDo jaa{] laagalaa. {rlaolaa SaoYa baajaarpaozota ivak`xIlaa
Aalaa AaiNa jaIvanaavaSyakx vastaUcaa baajaarpaozota pa`qamaca pa`vaoSa Jaalaa.
ho AitairWta {tpaadna kxahI kxaL saazta jaa{] Sakxta Asalyaanao tao ekxa izkxaNaahUna
dusa%yaa izkxaNaI paazivaNao SaWya Jaalao AaiNa baajaarpaozocaI vyaaptaI
vaaZlaI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">AitairWta {tpaadnaacao maUL jaimanaIta Asalyaanao jamaIna
taabyaata GaoNyaasa, itacyaa maalakxIhWkxasa Balataoca mah$va pa`apta Jaalao.
samaajaatalyaa ivaSaoYa huSaar AaiNa taakxdvaana\ laaokxaMnaI jaastaIta jaasta
jaimanaIvar Aapalaa maalakxI hWk pa`sqaaipata kxrNyaata Qanyataa maanalaI.
samaajarcanaa jaimanaIcyaa maalakxIBaaovataI ifxrNaarI ASaI Aistatvaata AalaI.
ivastaINa_ jaimanaIvar maalakxI saaMgaNaaro sardar AaiNa tyaaMcaa Aga`NaI
rajaa, pa`tyaXa jamaIna kxsaNaaro mhNajao kuxLo AaiNa yaa savaa_Mnaa AavaSyakx
sauivaQaa paurivaNaaro kxaragaIr. ASaI samaajavyavasqaa mauKyata: zrlaI.
yaaiSavaaya maMidro AaiNa tyaaMcao paujaarI, saonaapataI tyaaMcao saOnya ho
sauÔa samaajaacao AivaBaajya GaTkx zrlao. laaokxsaMKyaa AaiNa AitairWta {tpaadna
yaaMcaI saaMgaD GaalaNao AvaGaD Aaho. savaa_Mcyaa pa`aqaimakx garjaa paurivaNyaacaIhI
kuxvata yaa {tpaadnaata naahI, ho {tpaadna baoBarMvaSaacao AaiNa ASaaSvata Aaho,
ho sauÔa samaajaacyaa laXaata Aalao. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">jaimanaIcaI saupaIkxtaa mayaa_idta Asalyaanao koxvaL
jaimanaIvar kxama kxrNaa%yaaMcaI saMKyaa vaaZvaUna {tpaadna vaaZivata yaota
naahI, ho laXaata Aalao. jaimanaIvar kxama kxrNaa%yaaMcaI saMKyaa vaaZivata
raihlao, tar ekx ibaMdU Asaa yaotaao kxI itaqaUna pauZo pa`tyaokx navaIna kxamagaar
kxmaI - kxmaI {tpaadna do{] laagataao. taovha yaa ibaMdUpailakxDo kxamagaaraMcaI
saMKyaa navho tar [tar gaaoYTI vaaZivaNao yaaogya zrtao. yaa [tar gaaoYTI
mhNajao jaimanaIcao Xao~afxL vaaZivaNao, Katao, SaaSvata paaNaI yaaMcaI
vyavasqaa kxrNao, ikxDIpaasaUna jamaIna saMriXata kxrNao vagaOro.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">inavvaL kxamagaar saMKyaa vaaZvaUna jaimanaItaUna
imaLNaaro AitairWta {tpaadna vaaZivataa yaota naahI ho kxLNao hIca AaQauinakx
Aqa_Saas~aacaI saur}vaata haoya. Aqaa_taca SaotaIlaa paUrkx ASaa {tpaadkx
vyavasaayaaMcaI samaajaalaa garja inamaa_Na JaalaI. Asao vyavasaaya mhNajao
vyaapaar, ivaSaoYata: pardoSaaMSaI vyaapaar, navyaa KaaNaI SaaoQaUna
maUlyavaana QaataUMcaa paurivaza vaaZivaNao, AaiNa naaOkxanayanaaÓaro navao pa`doSa
navyaa saImaa SaaoQaUna kxaZNao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">paMQaravyaa, saaoLavyaa Satakxata yauraopaata baayabala
AaiNa caca_caa samaajamanaavarIla pagaDa kxmaI Jaalaa, tasaoca BaaOitakx Xao~aata
jao vyaapaarI, kxaragaIraMcao saMGa haotao, tyaaMcao sava_saamanya vyaWtaIvarIla
vaca_sva, inayaM~aNa kxmaI Jaalao; mhNajaoca vaOyaiWtakx huSaarI, caaOkxsa bauÔI,
pa`yatna, mahtvaakxaMXaa, ivaijagaIYau vaR$aI yaaMnaa mahtva pa`apta Jaalao.
yaaca saumaarasa samaud`avar saMcaar kxrNaa%yaa baaoTI baaMQaNyaacao taM~a
sauQaarlao, haokxayaM~a pa`caarata Aalao AaiNa naaOkxanayana saukxr Jaalao. tyaamauLo
yauraopaataIla mahtvaakxaMXaI vyaWtaIMnaI ekx~a yao{]na, kMxpanyaa sqaapana
kxr}na naaOkxanayanaaÓaro navaI KaMDo SaaoQalaI, navaIna inasaga_saMpa$aIcao s~aaota
maahIta kxr}na Gaotalao, AaiNa pardoSasqa vyaapaaraÓaro ga`Ikx, Arba ASaa
saMskRxtaIMSaI saMbaMQa vaaZvaUna navaIna &aana Aatmasaata koxlao. inasagaa_kxDo
inarawËa, caaOkxsa va Baodk dRYTInao paahNyaasa saur}vaata hao{]na inasaga_
inarIXaNaavar AaQaarIta Saas~ao {dyaasa yao{] laagalaI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">AVDma ismaqanao Aqa_Saas~a ilaihtaanaa jaao maaNaUsa tyaacyaa
koxMd`sqaanaI kxilpalaa Aaho, taao yauraopaataIla badlatyaa pairisqataIcao pa`taIkx
Aaho. taao {$ama iSaXaNa Gaotalaolaa Aaho. mahtvaakxaMXaI, svata:cyaa pa`yatnaaMbaÕla
AatmaivaSvaasa AsaNaara Aaho, taao caair~yavaana Aaho. tyaacyaavarIla
saamaaijakx jabaabadarIcaI jaaNaIva Asalaolaa Aaho. mhNajaoca taao jaovha
inarinarawËa payaa_yaaMcaI tapasaNaI kxr}na AapalaI inavaD zrvaIla AaiNa
maagaNaI naaoMdvaIla, taI ASaI Asaola kxI saamaaijakx ihtahI tyaamauLo saaQalao
jaa[_la, tyaacaa vaOyaiWtakx svaaqa_hI saaQalaa jaa[_la. paNa tyaamauLo saava_jainakx
ihtaasa baaQaa yaoNaar naahI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Asao AsaMKya, caair~yavaana {paBaaoWtao (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">consumers</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">) baajaarpaozota AapalaI maagaNaI naaoMdivataIla, tyaavaoLI tyaa {paBaaogaacao
svar}pa samaajaihta saaQaNaaroca Asaola AaiNa vaOyaiWtakx svaaqa_ saaQata
saaQataa samaajaihtahI saaQalao jaa[_la. baajaarpaozota ikMxmataI ASaa zrtaIla
kxI jyaamauLo {paBaaoWtao AaiNa paurvazadar yaa daoGaaMcaahI fxayada hao[_la. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Aqa_Saas~aacaa {d\Bava haoNyaasa yauraopaataIla ivaiSaYT
pairisqataI kxarNaIBaUta haotaI, ho yaavar}na laXaata yao[_la. sarMjaamaSaahIcaa
Asta AaiNa kxarKaanadarIcaa {gama yaaMmaQalaa saMiQakxala yaata Aqa_Saas~aacaa
{dya Jaalaa. Baarta - caIna yaa paUvao_kxDIla raYT^aMmaQyao pairisqataI maa~a
ekxdmaca inaraLI haotaI. rajakxIya AsqaOyaa_mauLo maQyavataI_ sa$aa jarI badlataI
raihlaI tarI KaoDËaMcaI vyavasqaa hI svataM~a rahU Sakxta haotaI. {$ar Baartaata
vatanao AaiNa jaimanadarI yaaMcaa pagaDa jaasta haotaa AaiNa tyaacao svar}pa
yauraopaIya sarMjaamaSaahIcyaa javaLpaasa paaohaocata haotao. paNa diXaNaota
jaimanaIcaI maalakxI pa`aya: Saotakx%yaakxDo raihlaI AaiNa maQyavataI_ sa$aonao
Saotasaara gaaoLa kxrNao ha {tpannaacaa pa`mauKa maaga_ mhNaUna svaIkxarlaa. {$arota
maQyavataI_ sa$aa kxr jaimanadar, sardar - drkxdar yaaMcyaakxDUna gaaoLa kxrIta
Asao AaiNa tao kxr Saotakx%yaakxDUna vasaUla kxrIta. Asao “dlaala” diXaNaota
navhtao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">maugala sa$aopaUvaI_ {$arota jao mausalamaana saulataana
hao{]na gaolao, tyaaMnaI ijaMkxlaolyaa pa`doSaataUna maaozËa saMKyaonao
gaulaama gaaoLa koxlao. kxahI kxaL idllaIta gaulaamaaMcao baajaar haotao. yaaMpaOkxI
kxahI pauZo inarinaraLI kxaOSalyao iSakxlao, kxaragaIr Jaalao AaiNa tyaaMnaI
gaulaamaItaUna mauWtataa kxr}na GaotalaI. yaa kxaragaIraMcaohI yauraopapa`maaNao
saMGa haotao; AaiNa ho saMGa Aapalyaa sadsyaaMcaI vata_NaUkx, tyaaMcao {Òaoga
va QaMdo inayaMi~ata kxrItaAsata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">yaa iSavaaya saMpaUNa_ ihMdU samaaja ha inarinarawËa
jaatIMmaQyao ivaBaagalaa gaolaa haotaa. pa`tyaokx jaataIMcao Aapalyaa
sadsyaaMivaYayaI inayama haotao, rItaI haotyaa, baMQanao haotaI. kxahI jaataIMmaQyao
raoTIbaoTI vyavahar haota Asao. kxahIMmaQyao taao haota nasao. ekUxNa kxaya paMQaravyaa
- saaoLavyaa Satakxata jasaa vyaWtaI koMxd`Ita samaaja yauraopaata inarinarawËa
raYT^aMta kxmaI - AiQakx pa`maaNaata {dyaasa Aalaa, tasaa taao caIna - Baarta
yaa paaOvaa_tya doSaata {dyaasa Aalaa naahI. vyaWtaI hI Anaok samaaja baMQanaata
jaKaDlaolaI raihlaI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Aqa_Saas~aacyaa dRYTIkxaonaataUna yaakxDo paaihlao tar tyaacao
fxayado-taaoTo laXaata yaotaata. Aqa_Saas~aacao ekx mahtvaacao gaRhItakx
mhNajao maanavaacyaa garjaa, maagaNyaa AnaMta AsaU Sakxtaata paNa saaQanasaMpa$aI
maa~a mayaa_idta Asalyaanao kxaoNatyaa garjaa paUNa_ kxrayacyaa AaiNa kxaoNatyaa
naahI, ho satata maaNasaalaa zrvaavao laagatao. Aqa_Saas~aacyaa {dyaacyaa kxaLI
[MglaMDmaQyao maanavaI {ÒaogaaMcao Qa`uvaIkxrNa Jaalao haotao. enaWlaaojar
mauvhmaoMTmauLo jaimanaIcao lahana taukxDo AsaNaaro SaotakxrI layaalaa gaolao
AaiNa SaotaIcao baajaarIkxrNa Jaalao. kxarKaanadarIcaa {dya hao{]na maalakx
AaiNa majaUr Asao daona vaga_ inamaa_Na Jaalao.
saMpa$aIcao vaaTpa baDo SaotakxrI (laaVD_sa\) AaiNa tyaaMcyaa Saotaavar
kxama kxrNaaro majaUr AaiNa kxarKaanadar maalakx va tyaacao majaUr yaa caar
vagaa_ta mauKyata: haoNaar ho zr}na gaolao. yaa caar vagaa_MmaQyao saMpa$aIcyaa
vaaTpaabaabata saMGaYa_ rahNaar ho idsata AsaUnasauÔa Aqa_Saas~aanao gaRhIta
Qarlao kxI yaa caar vagaa_MmaQyao saMpa$aIcao vaaTpa savaa_Mnaa samaaQaanakxarkx
vaaTola Asaoca rahIla. yaacaaca Aqa_ Asaa kxI saaQanasaMpa$aI mayaa_idta AsalaI
tarI yaa caarhI vagaa_Mcyaa iKaSaata Aapalyaa inadana pa`aqaimakx garjaa paurivaNyaa[takox
paOsao AsataIla AaiNa tyaaÓaro baajaarpaoz pa`qama samaajaacyaa pa`aqaimakx
garjaa paurvaIla AaiNa naMtarca EaImaMtaaMcyaa garjaa paurivaNyaacyaa maagao
laagaola. pa`tyaXaata maa~a sava_ saamaanyaaMcyaa iKaSaata pa`aqaimakx garjaa paurivaNyaa[takxahI
paOsaa na Aalyaanao baajaarpaozota fxWta EaImaMtaaMcyaaca maagaNyaa vyaWta hao{]
laagalyaa AaiNa paurivalyaa gaolyaa. ASaa pairisqataIta sava_saamaanyaaMnaa ekx
tar sarkxarI madtaIvar ivasaMbaavao laagalao ikxMvaa pardoSaata sqalaaMtar tarI
kxravao laagalao. paOSaacaI {palabQataa ha [qao inaNaa_yakx GaTkx zrlaa. Aqa_Saas~a
tyaamauLoca paOSaavar AaQaarIta Aqa_vyavasqaa (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">monetory economy</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">) gaRhIta Qartao. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Baarta - caIna saarKyaa doSaaMta maa~a Aqa_vyavasqaa paOSaaBaaovataI
koxMd`IBaUta haoNyaasa ekxaoiNasaavyaa Satakacaa {$araQa_ {jaDavaa laagalaa. tyaaAaQaI
yaa doSaaMta vastaUMcaI dovaaNa GaovaaNa (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">barter economy </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">) hI mahtvaacaI haotaI. maanavaI {pak`xmaaMcao Qa`uvaIkxrNa Jaalaolao
navhtao. sava_saamaanya janataocaa SaotaI ha jarI mauKya {pak`xma Asalaa tarI pa`aqaimakx
garjaa BaagaivaNyaasaazI inarinaraLI jaMgalao (GanadaT kxaYzvanao) JauDupaI
gavataaL pa`doSa, naÒa AaiNa jalamaya BaUmaI yaaMcaa {payaaoga BarpaUr koxlaa
jaata Asao. saaQanasaMpa$aIcao Asao Anaok GaTkx haotao. ivaiSaYT pa`doSaata
yaaMtalaa pa`tyaokx GaTkx mayaa_idta pa`maaNaata {palabQa Asalaa tarI sava_saamaanyaaMnaa
tyaaMtaUna inavaD kxrNyaasa vaava maaoza haotaa. baajaarataIla ikMxmata hI
eKaaÒa vastaUcyaa mayaa_idta paurvazËavarca AvalaMbaUna navhtaI, tar mayaa_idta
saaza Asalaolyaa vastaUlaa payaa_ya ikxtaI {palabQa Aahota, tyaaMcaI ga`ahkx kxaoNatyaa
pa`maaNaata inavaD kxrNaar yaaMvar AvalaMbaUna AsaNaar ho {GaD Aaho. mhNajaoca
[qao kxahI zraivakx gaaoYTIMcaa paurvaza kxrNaarI koMxid`BaUta baajaarpaoz ( </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Centralized market</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">) fxWta naagarI Baagaata SaWya Aaho. Anya~a gaava paataLIvar,
sqaainakx vastaUMcaI dovaaNaGaovaaNa kxrNaa%yaa AsaMKya baajaarpaoza {Byaa
rahNao Apairhaya_ zrtao. AaiNa naomakxI ASaIca pairisqataI Baartaata iba`iTSa
sa$aa pa`sqaaipata haoNyaapaUvaI_ haotaI AaiNa AajahI kxahI BaagaMata AjaUnahI
iTkUxna Aaho. paOSaapaoXaa ASaa vyavasqaota jaOvaivaivaQataolaa mahtva Aaho.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">garIba </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">–</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> Ea`ImaMta, ivaSaoYata: garIbaIcao maUlyamaapana koxvaL paOSaata
ASaa vyavasqaomaQyao kxrNao baraobar naahI. tar maaNasaalaa tyaacyaa pa`aqaimakx
garjaa BaagaivaNyaasaazI payaa_yaI saaQanasaMpa$aI (saMsaaQanao, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">resources</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">) ikxtapata {palabQa Aaho. maaNaUsa yaa saMsaaQanaaMcaa pa`tyaXaata
ikxtapata {paBaaoga Gaotaao, yaa gaaoYTI maUlyamaapanaata mahtvaacyaa Aahota.
jaOvaivaivaQataocao vaOpaulya Asalaolyaa Baarta - caIna saarKyaa doSaataIla Aqa_vyavasqaocao
yaaogya maUlyamaapana yauraopaIya Aqa_Saas~aaÓaro haoNaar naahI. tyaalaa vaogaLoca
inakxYa hvaota.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">BaartaataIla pairisqataIlaa yaaogya hao[_la Asao Aqa_Saas~a
AnaMta maagaNyaa AaiNa mayaa_idta saMsaaQanao yaaMvar AvalaMbaUna AsaNyaapaoXaa
samaajaanao vyaWtaIvar baMQanao TakUxna tyaataUna inamaa_Na Jaalaolyaa mayaa_idta
maagaNyaa AaiNa mayaa_idta paurvaza paNa jaOvaivaivaQataomauLo inarinaraLo payaa_ya
paurivaNaarI saMsaaQanao yaaMvar AvalaMbaUna Asaola. [qao AsaMKya lahana
baajaarpaoza AsataIla AaiNa ikMxmataI zrtaIla tyaa yaa AsaMKya baajaarpaozaMtaIla
dLNavaLNa, Aavakx - jaavakx ikxtaI saulaBa Aaho, yaaMvar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">yauraopaIya Aqa_Saas~aata vyaiWtasvaataM~yaalaa mahtva
Aaho. tyaacao saupairNaama Aahota, tasao duYpairNaamahI najarosa Aalao Aahota.
mauKyata: vyaWtaIcaI inavaD naohmaIca yaaogya Asaola Asao naahI, taI ikxtyaokxda
Avaastava (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Irrational</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">) AsaU Sakxtao, ho Qyaanaata Aalao Aaho. tyaacapa`maaNao
yauraopaIya Aqa_Saas~aata kxaoNatyaa vastaMUcao {tpaadna koxlao jaatao, (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Composition of production</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">) yaalaa mahtva naahI, tyaacaI caaOkxSaI koxlaI jaata
naahI. tyaamauLo vyaiWtakoMxid`ta Aqa_vyavasqaota pauYkxLda {tpaadnaacao svar}pa
samaajaivaGaatakx AsaU Sakxtao, ho sauÔa kxLUna caukxlaolao Aaho. DaV nairMdr
isaMga yaaMnaI daKavaUna idlao Aaho kxI baajaarpaozota {palabQa vastaUMpaOkxI
70 TWko vastaMUta ivaYaarI GaTkx Aahota (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Economics & The Crisis of Ecology </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">1978). rVcaola kxasa_nanao SaotaImaQyao ivaYaarI kxITkxnaaSakox
vaaparlyaamauLo samaajaavar kxaoNatao Bayaanakx pairNaama haotaata, ho saaÒMta
daKaivalao Aaho ( </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Silent
Spring </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">1962). hrmana DalaI, Aayasa_, ehrilaca yaa
Aqa_vao$yaaMnaI AajacaI {tpaadnao mauKyata: Kinaja taola, kxaoLsaa yaaMvar
AvalaMbaUna Asalyaanao BaaOitakxSaas~aacyaa inayamaaMnausaar ( </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Laws of Thermodynamics</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">) {tpaadnao tayaar kxrNyaasaazI laagaNaara Kaca_ ha
naohmaIca {tpaadnao ivakUxna imaLNaa%yaa fxayaÒapaoXaa jaasta Asataao,
mhNajaoca AaQauinakx {tpaadna ho mauLata taaoTËata jaaNaaro Aaho, ho hI daKavaUna
idlao Aaho. tyaamauLo yauraopaIya Aqa_Saas~aalaa {tpaadna caalaU zovaNyaasaazI
kxmaItakxmaI ikMxmataIta saMsaaQanao imaLtaIla, itaqaUna taI taabyaata GaoNao,
ho Apairhaya_ Aaho. tyaamauLo pa`qama vasaahtavaadaÓaro AaiNa AilakxDo jaagaitakxIkxrNaacaa
paurskxar kxr}na jagaBarataUna kxccaa maala imaLivaNao Apairhaya_ banalao Aaho.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">tyaamauLo yauraopaIya Aqa_Saas~aata BaaMDvalaalaa mahtva
Aaho AaiNa BaaMDvala AaiNa baL yaaMcaa {payaaoga kxr}na saMsaaQanao taabyaata
zovaNyaacaa pa`yatna itaqao naohmaIca koxlaa jaatao. yaa {laT BaartaIya Aqa_Saas~aata
BaaMDvalaI gauMtavaNaUkx hI saMsaaQanaaMcaa djaa_ vaaZivaNyaakxDo Kaca_ hao{]na
{tpaadna vaaZ ikMxvaa jaOvaivaivaQataocaI {palabQataa vaaZivalaI jaatao. ekxIkxDo
{tpaadnaataIla vaaZ hI saMKyaatmakx Aaho, tar dusarIkxDo taI gauNaatmakx Aaho. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Aqa_vyavasqaa jar KarMca jaOvaivaivaQataovar AaQaarIta
Asaola saMsaaQanaaMcyaa dovaaNa - GaovaaNaIlaa mahtva yao[_la. mhNajaoca taI
baaT_r [kxaVnaaVmaI Asaola. ivakoMxid`ta, lahana baajaarpoaza Asao itacao AaNaKaI
ekx vaOiSaYTË Asaola. paOSaalaa, BaaMDvalaalaa fxar mahtva nasaola.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">saMKyaatmakx vaaZ kxaya ikMxvaa gauNaatmakx vaaZ kxaya, taI
saaQaNyaasaazI taM~a&aana yaa htyaaracaa (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tool</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">) {payaaoga kxravaa laagaola.saMKyaatmakx vaaZ
kxrNyaasaazI jao taM~a&aana AvalaMbaivalao jaatao tyaacaa paayaa BaaOitakxSaas~a,
AiBayaaMi~akxI AaiNa Kinaja {jaa_ yaaMcaa Aaho. jaOvaivaivaQataovar
AaQaarlaolyaa Aqa_vyavasqaota saMsaaQanaaMcaa djaa_ va saMKyaa vaaZvaayacaI
Jaalyaasa BaaOitakxSaas~aabaraobar jaOvaSaas~ao, janaukxSaas~a yaaMcaa {payaaoga
kxravaa laagaola, AaiNa taM~a&aanahI payaa_varNa, sajaIvaaMcao inarIXaNa
vagaOrovar AaQaarIta hao[_la.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">caalaU
Aqa_vyavasqaa (yauraopaIya) AaiNa BaartaasaazI yaaogya AsaNaarI vyavasqaa yaaMtaIla
fxrk KaalaIla taWtyaavar}na spaYT hao[_la: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -8.1pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 679px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.5pt;" valign="top" width="282">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">caalaU (yauraopaIya) Aqa_vyavasqaa<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Baartaasa yaaogya Aqa_vyavasqaa<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.5pt;" valign="top" width="282">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">AadSa_ pairisqataI gaRhIta Qartao. {da.AadSa_ saMpa$aI
vaaTpa, saamaaijakx ivaYamataa naahI. vaOyaiWtakx inavaD pauYkxLSaI ekxsaarKaI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">{paBaaoWtyaacaI vaOiSaYTËo: inavaDIcao svaataM~ya, maa~a
vyaWtaI hI kxaoNatyaatarI- QaMdovaa[_kx, saamaaijakx, Aaiqa_kx, Qaaima_kx
samaUhacaI sadsya. itacaI inavaD tyaa sadsyatvaavar AvalaMbaUna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.5pt;" valign="top" width="282">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Apairhaya_paNao saMyauWta kuxTuMbapaÔtaIpaoXaa navara
-baayakxaocaIo kuxTuMbapa<br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
ÔtaI yaaogya samajatao<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">vyaWtaIcyaa garjaa tyaacyaa {tpannaavar, tasaoca
tyaacyaa samaUh sadsyatvaavar AvalaMbaUna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.5pt;" valign="top" width="282">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">taM~a&aana AaiNa Kainaja {jaa_ AavaSyakx. paurvaza
satata vaaZtaa hvaa, BaaOitakxSaas~aaMcyaa inayamaaMkxDo dula_Xa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">AavaD AaiNa inavaD yaaMcao svaataM~ya paNa
sadsyatvaamauLo tyaavar mayaa_da.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.5pt;" valign="top" width="282">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">samaSaItaaoYNa AaiNa {YNa kxiTbaMQaataIla vaataavarNaacyaa
fxrkxakxDo dula_Xa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">vaOyaiWtakx maalakxI maanya. paNa saMsaaQanaaMcaa pa`tyaXa
vaapar AaiNa ivainayaaoga samaajaacyaa AaiNa samaUhacyaa maanyataonao<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.5pt;" valign="top" width="282">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">ekxca pa`kxarcaI jaIvanaSaOlaI jaagaitakx paataLIvar
AsaavaI, Asaa pa`yatna. taM~a&aana, Kainaja {jao_caa vaapar AaiNa AitairWta
vastaMUcao {tpaadna tyaasaazI AavaSyakx<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Aaiqa_kx vyavaharacaa paayaa mhNajao jaOvaiva&aana,
jaOOvaBaar AaiNa jaOvaivaivaQataa, taM~a&aana navho. saMsaaQanao va
naOsaiga_kx yaM~aNaa yaaMcaa djaa_ vaRiÔMgata kxrNyaasaazI saaQyaa taM~aacaa
vaapar, tyaamauLo ivatarNa yaaogya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.5pt;" valign="top" width="282">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">vaOyaiWtakx svaataM~ya, svaaqa_, naFyaacaa hvyaasa
yaaMsa Avaastava mahtva. saaMskRxitakx AaiNa saamaaijakx baMQanaaMnaa kxmaI
laoKaNao<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">{pajaIivakxa mauKyata: inasaga_ AaiNa saMsaaQanao
yaaMcaI kxaLjaI GaoNao, jaOvaivaivaQataocaI raKaNa va vaRÔI kxrNao yaaMvar
AvalaMbaUna. Kainaja {jao_caa maafxkx vaapar fxWta inasaga_-saMsqaaMcaI dur}staI,
paunavaa_par, paunar}jjaIvana yaasaazIca.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.5pt;" valign="top" width="282">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">tyaamauLo Aaiqa_kx vaaZ mhNajao AMtaga_ta {tpaadna satata
vaaZNao, {tpannao AaiNa nafxa satata vaaZNao yaa gaaoYTI AavaSyakx<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">{pajaIivakoxcao inamaa_Na, inasaga_ va inasagaa_cyaa
sauivaQaa yaaMcao paunar}jjaIvana kxr}na. {Òaoga CaoTo AaiNa ivakoxMid`ta
mauKyata: pa`aqaimakx garjaa paurivaNaaro. SaotajaimanaIcaI maalakxI
vaOyaiWtakx, paNa SaotaI {tpaadnaaMcao inayaaojana gaavapaataLIvar AaiNa
ivainayaaoga sahkxarI saMsqaaMmaaf_xta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.5pt;" valign="top" width="282">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">{tpaadna AaiNa {paBaaoga yaa daonhIMmaQyao jyaa vastaU,
maala AMtaBaU_ta haotaao tyaaMcaI yaaogyataa AaiNa djaa_ yaaMkxDo dula_Xa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">AitairWta {tpaadnaacaa
Aakxar sqaainakx garjaa va sqaainakx vaapar yaaMvar AvalaMbaUna. inayaa_taIvar
navho<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.5pt;" valign="top" width="282">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">vaOyaiWtakx AavaD - inavaD svaaqa_, Aaiqa_kx vaaZ AaiNa
{tpannaataIla vaaZ yaasaazI AinayaMi~ata baajaarpaoz AavaSyakx<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Kainaja {ja_ocaa {payaaoga mauKyata: samaajaacyaa
garjaa BaagaivaNyaasaazI. {da. ivaÒuta inaima_taI, saava_jainakx vaahtaUkx, pa`aqaimakx
garjaa BaagaivaNyaasaazI laagaNaarI Avajaaro (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tools</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">) AaiNa pa`aqaimakx tao {cca iSaXaNaasa caalanaa kxI
jao iSaXaNa laaokxaMnaa inasaga_ivaYayakx kxsabao do[_la AaiNa inasagaa_cao
saKaaola &aana haoNyaasa madta kxrIla<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.5pt;" valign="top" width="282">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">inasaga_ AaiNa tyaapaasaUna maaofxta imaLNaa%yaa
sauivaQaaMkxDo dula_Xa AaiNa tyaaMcaI badla sahna kxrNyaacaI Xamataa Amaayaa_idta
Asaa ivaSvaasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">vaOyaiWtakx AavaDI - inavaDIvar AaQaarIta, koMxid`BaUta
Asaa Kainaja {jao_caa vaapar TaLNao AaiNa tyaaÓaro BaaOitakxSaas~aacyaa
inayamaaMcyaa kxcaaTËata na saapaDNao<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.5pt;" valign="top" width="282">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">inasaga_ mhNajaoca vanaspataI va pa`aNaIsaRYTI AaiNa
inasaga_ maaofxta paurivata Asalaolyaa sauivaQaa yaaMmaQyao maaNasaalaa
AnaukUxla Asao badla GaDvaUna AaNaNyaacaI taM~a&aanaacaI Xamata Amayaa_d
Aaho, ho gaRhItakx<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">rajakxIya sa$aocaa vaapar laaokxSaahI maagaa_nao. sarkxarcaI
BaUimakxa va kxaya- mhNajao samaajaata inarinaraLI kxsabao inamaa_Na haotaIla
Asao iSaXaNa doNao, yaaogya kxayaÒanvayao samaajaataIla inarinarawËa
samaUhaMcyaa kxayaa_Mvar inayaM~aNa zovaNao, {tpaadna AaiNa ivatarNa
yaaMmaQaUna saazobaajaI, TMcaa[_, maWtaodarI yaa gaaoYTI tayaar haota naahIta
ho paahNao AaiNa naOsaiga_kx Aapa$aIMcao inavaarNa kxrNao<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.5pt;" valign="top" width="282">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">mauWta spaQaa_, sarkxarI inayaM~aNa nasalaolaI Aqa_vyavasqaa,
doSaaMtaga_ta AaiNa AaMtarraYT^Iya ivaYamataa caalaUca rhata AsalaI, tyaamauLo
inasaga_ AaiNa naOsaiga_kx sauivaQaa yaaMcaa naaSa haota Asalaa AaiNa {Òaoga
kuxzo {Bao kxrayacao AaiNa naaokx%yaa kxSaa inamaa_Na haoNaar yaaMtaIla saMtaulana
ibaGaDta raihlao tarI sarkxarnao tyaata hstaXaopa kxr} nayao Asaa Aaga`h<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">bacata AaiNa BaaMDvala saMcaya yaa gaaoYTI vaOyaiWtakx
kxsaba, baaOiÔkx Xamataa AaiNa QaDaDI yaaMvar AvalaMbaUna. gauMtavaNaUkx
SaoAr baajaaraÓaro naahI tar vyaavasaaiyakx va [tar samaUhaÓaro saMcaailata
AaiNa tyaavar sarkxarcao laXa. vaOyaiWtakx maalakxIKaalaI AsaNaarI paNa
AjaUnapaya_Mta vaaparata na AalaolaI saMsaaQanao yaaMpaasaUna BaaDo (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rent</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">) pa`apta haota Asaola tar tyaavar kxr AaiNa tyaapaasaUna
imaLNaaro {tpanna saamaaijakx {nnataIsaazI vaaparNao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.5pt;" valign="top" width="282">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">samaajaacaI rcanaa AaiNa kxayao_ caalaU rahNyaasaazI
BaaMDvalaaSaahI ikMxvaa saamyavaad ho daonaca payaa_ya {palabQa Aahota,
gaRhIta QarNao<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">inasaga_vyavasqaocaI maUlatatvao va tyaavar QaaorNao
AaQaarNao AavaSyak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.5pt;" valign="top" width="282">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">yaa Aaga`hamauLo [tar rcanaaMcaa ivacaar AnaavaSyakx
AaiNa inaiYaÔ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">laaokxsaMKyaa vaaZ raoKaUna
QarNao va ekxa ivaiSaYT mayaa_dopailakxDo vaaZ haoNaar naahI ho paahNao<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.5pt;" valign="top" width="282">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">kMxdmauLo, iSakxar yaaMpaasaUna kxarKaanadarIpaya_Mta
jaI maanavaacaI {tk`xaMtaI JaalaI Aaho itacaa saKaaola ivacaar na kxrNao;
ivaSaoYata: {YNa kxiTbaMQaata jyaa AsaMKya pa`kxarcyaa {pajaIivakxa, tyaataUna
inamaa_Na haoNaarI saaMskRxitakx va saamaaijakx inayaM~aNao yaaMcaa fxar
ivacaar na kxrNao<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">naOsaiga_kx saMsaaQanaaMcaa paunavaa_par yaaMvar Aqa_vyavasqaocaI
{BaarNaI kxrNao<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.5pt;" valign="top" width="282">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Aqa_Saas~a ho yauraopaataIla paunar}tqaana (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rennissance</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">) AaiNa tyaataUna inamaa_Na Jaalaolaa AadSa_vaad
yaaMvar AaQaarIta Asalyaanao yauraopa AmaoirkoxtaIla jaIvanaSaOlaI paurskRxta
kxrNao<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">yaaMmaQyao SaotaImaQyao kxmaItakxmaI naaMgarT, {Òaoga
ho kxaba_napaoXaa hayaD^aojanavar AaQaarIta, yaaMcaa paurskxar koxlaa jaataao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.5pt;" valign="top" width="282">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">tyaamauLo vaOyaiWtakx paataLIvarcyaa Avaastava va pauYkxLda
samaajaivaGaatak garjaa, svaaqaa_caa Aitarokx AaiNa [tar samaaja, inasaga_ va
naOsaiga_kx sauivaQaa yaaMnaa Gaatakx zrNaa%yaa AavaDI - inavaDI yaa kxSaa
inayaMi~ata koxlyaa jaavyaa yaasaazI Aqa_Saas~a kxaoNataaca taaoDgaa saucavaU
Sakxta naahI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">{ÒaogaaMcaI {BaarNaI paunavaa_paravar. maaoTarIMpaoXaa
saayakxlaIMcao {tpaadna vaaZivaNao, pavana{jao_paasaUna yaaMi~akx {jaa_ vaapar,
saaOr {jao_caa {YNataa, vaaLivaNao saarKyaa pa`ik`xyaa, garma paaNaI
imaLivaNyaasaazI Asaa mayaa_idta vaapar, tasaoca sarpaNaasaazI,
AaraogyaasaazI, jaOvaBaar imaLivaNyaasaazI, kxITkx, pa`aNaI, paXaI
yaoNyaasaazI sqaainakx pa`jaataIMcao vaRXaaraopaNa, AaiNa tyaadRYTInao AavaSyakx sauivaQaa paurivaNaaro
vyavasaaya va QaMdo yaaMnaa {$aojana <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.5pt;" valign="top" width="282">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Donmaak_x AaiNa Aa[salaVMD yaaMnaI yaa idSaonao jaI pa`gataI
koxlaI Aaho taI AByaasaNao va sqaainak pairisqataIlaa AavaSyakx Asao tyaata
badla kxr}na taSaa pa`kxarcaI jaIvanaSaOlaI svaIkxarNao<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">BaartaacaI BaaOgaaoilakx, naOsaiga_kx pairisqataI
paahta ekx inaraLo taM~a&aana, inaraLI AiBayaaMi~akxI, inaraLI Aqa_vyavasqaa
AaiNa yaa savaa_sa Anausar}na inaraLI iSaXaNapaÔtaI SaWya Aaho, ho ivaSad kxravao
mhNaUna ho sava_ ilaihlao. yaa sava_ badlaacaa gaaBaa Aaho, yaaogya iSaXaNa,
AgadI pa`aqaimakxpaasaUna {cca paataLIpaya_Mta. maaJyaa matao tao AaMtarSaas~aIya
Asaavao. tyaamaQaUna ekx sava_MkxYa dRYTIkxaona tayaar haotaao, Asao malaa
vaaTtao. yaaMmaQaUna tyaa tyaa ivaYayaataIla ta&a tayaar haoNaar naahIta,
Asao naahI. paNa yaa ta&aaMnaahI [tar ivaYaya, [tar Xao~ao yaaMcao Baana
Asaola. tyaataUna samaajaataIla mataBaod, saamaaijakx Aaraogya AaiNa samataa yaa
savaa_McaIca AapaNa sava_jaNa vaaT pahata Asataao, naahI kxa? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Baartaasa AnaukUxla ASaa Aqa_vyavasqaocaa
paayaa payaa_varNa ha Aaho, ho yaaMvar}na idsaUna yao[_la. saMpa$aIcao yaaogya
ivatarNa samaajaata koxvaL payaa_varNaacaI kxasa Qarlyaanao hao{ Sakoxla.
BaaMDvalaI gaMutavaNaUk hI inasaga_, inasagaa_taIla pairsaMsqaa AaiNa inasaga_
maaofxta paurivata Asalaolyaa sauivaQaa, yaa saudRZ va saXama raKaNyaasaazI
mauKyata: JaalaI paaihjao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 374.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">pa`kxaSa gaaoLo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</div>
www.ecological-society.orghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03277606873549006844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7193000495744135887.post-7442861517583405442014-01-30T22:55:00.001-08:002014-01-30T22:55:20.573-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> तंत्रज्ञान आणि जीवन <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">laoKaaMkx 1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">svaataM~ya
imaLUna 65 vaYao_ JaalaI. yaa kxaLata pa`tyaokxalaa AaiNa pa`tyaokxIlaa
matadanaacaa AiQakxar do{]na AapaNa laaokxSaahIcaa pa`yaaoga rabaivalaa.
svaataM~ya caLvaLIta BarGaaosa yaaogadana doNaa%yaa kxaVMga`osa paXaanao Anaokx
vaYao_ sa$aa gaajaivalaI. paMcavaaiYa_kx yaaojanaaMÓaro ivakxasaacaa maagaaovaa
Gaotalaa. tyaataUna hvao tao saaQya haota nasalyaanao kxahI vaYao_ koMxd`IBaUta
sa$aocaahI pa`yaaoga koxlaa, paNa taaohI jaagaitakx vyavasqaocyaa roTËata na
iTkxlyaanao AaiNa kxaVMga`osanao Aapalao sqaana gamaavalyaanao [tar paXaaMnaa
sa$aota vaaTa Òavaa laagalaa AaiNa SaovaTcaa pa`yaaoga jaagaitakxIkxrNaacaa
kxr}na doSaataIla kxlyaaNa saaQatao kxa, ho paaihlao gaolao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> paNa
Aataa inarinaraLo Ahvaala AaiNa AakxDovaarI {GaD kxrtaahota kxI 1990
saalaapaasaUna doSaataIla garIba laaokxaMcyaa saMKyaota vaaZ haotao Aaho.
evaZoca navho tar garIba garIba haotaahota paNa Ea`ImaMta AiQakx Ea`ImaMta
haotaahota. jaagaitakxIkxrNaanao mauKyata: Ea`ImaMtaanaa AapalaI caOna
kxrNyaacyaa AiQakxaiQakx saMQaI AaiNa vaaTa imaLalyaa tar garIbaaMnaa tyaaMcyaa
AtyaavaSyakx garjaa paurivaNyaasaazI satata vaaZNaa%yaa mahagaa[_laa taaoMD
Òavao laagata Aaho. 21vyaa Satakxacyaa pa`arMBaI AapalaI, doSaacaI isqataI Aaja
ASaI Aaho.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> gaolyaa
60-65 vaYaa_Mta inatya laagaNaa%yaa vastaUMcaI TMcaa[_, satata vaaZtaI
mahagaa[_, pa`tyahI ibaGaDNaaro payaa_varNa AaiNa satata BaoDsaavaNaarI
baokxarI yaa duYT cak`xataUna AjaUna AapalaI sauTkxa kxa haota naahI? ha pa`Ena
kxaoNaahI naagarIkxalaa Asvasqa kxrtaao Aaho, yaata SaMkxa naahI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> pa`gataI
vhavaI mhNaUna iva&aanaacao naaro AapaNa satata vaajaivalao.
iva&aanaacaI kxasa Qarlyaanaoca ivakxasa SaWya hao[_la yaa vaaWyaalaa
vaod-gaItaotalyaa ikxMvaa bauÔvacanaa[takxa ikMxvaa kuxraNaatalyaa {d\GaaoYakx evaZa
Aqa_ pa`apta Jaalaa, taoca icarkxalaIna satya Aaho, Asao maanalao gaolao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> paNa
yaa GaaoYaNaocao ivaElaoYaNa kxrNyaacao pa`yatna fxarsao Jaalao naahIta.
ivaSaoYata: iva&aana mhNajao naomakox kxaya? tyaacaa pa`tyaXaata Aqa_ kxaya
haotaao? tao naomakxI kxaoNataI QaaorNao saucaivatao? tyaata naomakox xkxaya
AiBapa`ota Asatao? yaacaa saKaaola ivacaar Jaalaolaa AaZLUna Aalaa naahI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> paRqvaIvarcao
saaro jaIvana saUyaa_paasaUna imaLNaa%yaa {]jao_var AvalaMbaUna Aaho hI
jaaNaIva Aataa saava_i~akx JaalaI Aaho. taI paRqvaIvar paaocataanaa AaiNa
paaohaocalyaavar kxaya haotao, kxaoNatao badla va pairNaama haotaata, ho
iva&aana tapaasatao. tyaataUna pairisqataIcao jao &aana haotao,
tyaamauLo maaNasaalaa Aapalao jaIvana pairisqataISaI jamavaUna kxsao
jagaavayaacao ho samajatao. maa~a ikxtyaokxda pairisqataI [takxI pa`itakUxla
Asatao kxI itacyaaSaI saMGaYa_ ATL Asataao. pairisqataIlaa maanavaI jaIvanaasa
AnaukUxla kxr}na GaoNyaatahI iva&aana madta kxrtao. AaiNa SaovaTI
maaNasaacyaa BaaOitakx sauKaata AiQakxaiQak Bar kxSaI Gaalataa yao[_la, hohI
iva&aanaacyaa sahayyaanaoca AapaNa saaQya kxr} paahtaao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pa`tyaXaata
yaacaa Aqa_ Asaa haotaao kxI saUyaa_cyaa paRqvaIvar yaoNaa%yaa {]jao_caa
AiQakxaiQakx Baaga maanavaakxDo vaLivaNyaacaa Aapalaa pa`yatna yaSasvaI
haotaao, taao iva&aanaacaI kxasa Qarlyaanao. mhNaUnaca
iva&aanaaiSavaaya AaQauinakx jaIvana ASaWya ASaI KaUNagaaz savaa_MnaI
baaMQalaolaI Asatao. iva&aanaacao vyaavahairkx r}pa Aaho taM~a&aana.
taM~a&aanaamauLoca yaa gaaoYTI SaWya haotaata, maaNasaacyaa {paBaaogaata,
ivaivaQataa yaotao, vaaZ haotao. SaovaTI iva&aanaacaI kxasa Qara yaacaa
vyavaharata Aqa_ haotaao, taM~a&aanaacaa satata svaIkxar kxrIta rha. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">maa~a
paRqvaIvar paaohaocaNaa%yaa saUya_SaWtaIcaa qaoT {payaaoga kxr} Sakxtaata
vanaspataI. tyaa svata:ca ekx Asao rsaayana tayaar kxrtaata kxI
vaataavarNaataIla kxaba_na gaVsacaa {payaaoga kxr}na Anna tayaar hao[_la AaiNa
tyaapaasaUna tayaar hao[_la AaViWsajana jaao sava_ pa`aNaIsaRYTIcaa jaIva kxI
pa`aNa Asaola. kxaoNatyaahI pa`kxarcyaa baa+ gaaoYTIMcaa AaQaar na Gaotaa,
mhNajaoca kxaoNataahI Kaca_ na kxrtaa Anna tayaar kxrNao fx$a] vanaspataIMnaa
SaWya haotao. tyaacaa kxaoNaalaahI taaoTa na haotaa fxayadaca haotaao.
taM~a&aanaalaa Aajataayaagata hI ikxmayaa saaQalaolaI naahI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> vanaspataIMcaa ha gauNaQama_ jaovha
tyaanao jaaNalaa, ivaSaoYata: vanaspataI jao Anna tayaar kxrtaata, tao
tyaaMcyaa tar jagaNyaacyaa sava_ garjaa Baagaivatao paNa tyaa iSallakxI AnnahI
tayaar kxrtaata, kxI jyaavar [tar sava_ jaIva jagataata, ho jaovha maaNasaanao
jaaNalao taovha ho iSalakxI Anna vaaZivaNyaacao taM~a&aana tyaanao
AacarNaata AaNaNyaasa saur}vaata koxlaI. savaa_Mnaa maahIta Aahoca kxI ho
taM~a&aana mhNajao SaotaI. AapaNaaMsa {payau$a] AsaNaa%yaa vanaspataI ekx~a
kxr}na tyaa jaaopaasaUna mhNajaoca saUya_Sa$a]I tyaaMnaaca imaLola, [tar jyaa
vanaspataI tyaaMcyaaSaI spaQaa_ kxr} paahtaIla ASaaMnaa naYT kxr}na ho iSalakxI
Anna sava_cyaasava_ Aapalyaalaaca imaLola ASaI maaNasaanao vyavasqaa koxlaI.
maa~a ho iSalakxI Anna satata imaLta rahNyaasaazI fxar pairEa`ma kxravao
laagataata, Kaca_ kxravaa laagataao, navanavaIna SaaoQa laavaavao laagataata,
evaZoca navho tar ASaa rItaInao saUya_Sa$a]I vaLivaNyaasaazI kRxi~amarItyaa
tayaar koxlaolyaa {jao_caa AiQakxaiQakx vaapar kxravaa laagataao AaiNa tyaamauLo
Kaca_ AiQakxca vaaZtaao, ho SaotaIta
haoNaa%yaa sauQaarNaaMmauLo AaiNa yaaMi~ak SaotaImauLo tyaacyaa laXaata yao{] laagalao.
mhNajaoca {]jao_cao ekx pairmaaNa (yauinaT) jaovha AaQauinakx SaotaIta
vaaparlao jaatao, taovha iSalakxI Anna imaLtao 0.05.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yaacaa Aqa_ Asaa kxI SaotaI fxar
maaozËa pa`maaNaavar kxrNao ho fxayadoSaIr zrta naahI. ASaI SaotaI sarkxarI
madtaIiSavaaya ASaWya Asatao. SaotaIcyaa Kacaa_ta itacyaamauLo haoNaa%yaa
payaa_varNaacyaa naukxsaanaIcaa Kaca_ kxaoNaIca Qarta naahI. taao Qarlaa tar
AnnaQaanyaacyaa ikMxmataI [taWyaa vaaZtaIla kxI sava_saamaanyaaMnaa parvaDNaar
naahIta AaiNa sarkxarhI [takox Anaudana doNyaapaUvaI_ Anaokxda ivacaar kxrola.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> vanaspataI jao pa`kxaSasaMElaoYaNaaÓaro
Anna tayaar kxrtaata Kacaa_ivanaa, tao taM~a&aanaalaa SaWya naahI. BaivaYyaata
pa`kxaSasaMElaoYaNa taM~a&aanaalaa saaQya Jaalao tar tyaalaa evaZa Kaca_
yao[_la kxI tyaacaa saava_i~akx {payaaoga kxrtaa yaoNaar naahI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pa`kxaSasaMElaoYaNa
ASaWya Asalyaanao taM~a&aanaalaa kxaoNataahI badla, pairvata_na
kxrNyaasaazI baahor}na {]jaa_ pa`apta kxravaI laagatao. Aaja ho {]jao_cao
s~aaota Aahota mauKyata: kxaoLsaa AaiNa taola. ANau{]jaa_ inamaa_Na
kxrNyaasaazIhI yaa daonhIMcaI madta GyaavaIca laagatao. {]jao_cao ho daonhI
s~aaota mhNajao inasagaa_nao kxaoTËvaQaI vaYao_ saazivalaolaI saUyaa_caI
{]jaa_ca Aaho. saUyaa_caI {]jaa_ paRqvaIvar yaotao taI AtyaMta ivaKarIta
svar}paata. vanaspataIca taI ekxi~ata kxr} Sakxtaata, AaiNa hIca {]jaa_
vanaspataI jaovha marNa paavataata va gaaDlyaa jaataata, taovha jaimanaIcyaa
paaoTata jaatao. taI tayaar kxrNyaacao kxama AaiNa Kaca_ inasaga_ca saaosataao.
AapaNa taM~a&aanaaÓaro taI baahor kxaZtaao evaZoca. inasagaa_kxDUna
taM~a&aanaalaa imaLalaolao ho Anaudanaca Aaho. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subsidy
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aaho. hI doNagaI, ho Anaudana nasaola tar Aajacao taM~a&aana
SaWyaca haoNaar naahI. naahItar maaNasaalaa taM~a&aanaacaa vaapar kxrNyaasa
Avaacyaasavaa Kaca_ Aalaa Asataa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aajacao
taM~a&aana ho mauKyata: inasagaa_cyaa yaa Anaudanaavar AaQaarIta Aaho,
tyaamauLo SaWya Jaalao Aaho, ho savaa_MnaI laXaata zovalao paaihjao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">taM~a&aanaalaa
hI jaSaI ekx </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subsidy</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> imaLtao,
taSaIca payaa_varNyaacyaa hanaIcaa Kaca_ ivacaarata na GaoNyaacyaa
pa`qaomauLohI taM~a&aanaacaa vaapar saukxr haotaao. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 26.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AaOÒaoigakx
k`xaMtaInao jao taM~a&aana ivakxisata koxlao tao parvaDNaaro Jaalao daona
gaaoYTIMmauLo: kxaoLsaa AaiNa taola yaaMcyaa ikMxmataI rajakxarNa KaoLUna
kxmaItakxmaI raKalyaa gaolyaa AaiNa payaa_varNaacyaa hanaIcaa Kaca_ Aijabaata
ivacaarata Gaotalaa gaolaa naahI. AmaoirkoxsaarKyaa doSaanao jao kxDkx inayama
svaIkxarlao Aahota, tyaamauLo Aataa Amaoirkoxta AaOÒaoigakx {tpaadna AitaSaya
mahaga ikMxvaa ASaWya banalao Aaho. pa`caMD AnaudanaaiSavaaya AmaoirkoxtaIla
taaMi~akx SaotaI AaiNa {Òaoga caalaNaar naahIta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">taM~a&aanaalaa
AaNaKaI ekx </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">subsidy </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">imaLtao taI
tyaacaa vaapar kxrNaa%yaa laaokxaMkxDUna. taM~a&aanaaÓaro jaovha {]jao_caa
{payaaoga kxr}na kxaoNatyaahI vastaUmaQyao pairvata_na GaDvaUna AaNalao jaatao,
taovha pairvata_naacyaa ik`xyaolaa BaaOitakxSaas~aacaa inayama laagaU haotaao (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Law
of Entropy</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">). yaanausaar ASaa pairvata_naata tayaar haoNaara kxcara maala
ha tayaar maalaapaoXaa jaasta Asataao. yaacaaca Aqa_ Asaa kxI pairvata_naasaazI
idlao jaaNaaro </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Input </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kxccaa maala</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ho </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Output </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">paWkxax maala paoXaa
jaasta Asatao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pairvata_naacyaa
ik`xyaota tayaar haoNaara kxcara maala ha AaOÒaoigakx k`xaMtaI pa`tyaXaata
AalyaanaMtar ikxtyaokx vaYao_ inasagaa_taca Takxlaa jaata haotaa. mhNajaoca
inasaga_ pa`dUiYata koxlaa jaata haotaa. tyaacaI kxaoNaasaca iXataI navhtaI.
iSavaaya kxmaItakxmaI pagaar do{]na nafxa vaaZivaNyaacaI pa`vaR$aI Asalyaanao
paur}Ya kxamagaaraMeovajaI maihlaa kxamagaar naomaNao, [takoxca naahI tar
baalakxamagaar naomaNao yaa gaaoYTIhI sara_sa haota haotyaa. tyaamauLo
saamaaijakx Aaraogya QaaoWyaata yaota haotao. pauZo jaovha samaajaataIla
ivacaavaMtaaMnaI yaa hainakxarkx gaaoYTI samaajaapauZo maaMDUna ho ivadarkx
kRxtya {GaD koxlao, tyaavaoLI hLUhLU kxayado kxr}na yaa gaaoYTIMnaa paayabaMd
Gaatalaa gaolaa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aaja
Baartaata kxamagaar ivaYayakx, tyaaMnaa kxmaItakxmaI vaotana doNyaabaabata
kxayado Aistatvaata Aahota, tasaoca payaa_varNaacaI hanaI hao{] nayao mhNaUnahI
kxayado Aahota. paNa tyaaMcaI AMmalabajaavaNaI pa`amaaiNakxpaNao AaiNa kxsaUna
koxlaI jaata naahI. tyaamauLoca taM~a&aanaacaI ma$a]odarI caalaU rahtao,
evaZoca navho tar parkxIya BaaMDvalaalaa AamaMi~ata kxr}na taM~a&aanaacaa
AiQakxaiQakx pa`saar kxsaa hao[_la ho paaihlao jaatao. taM~a&aanaacyaa
Ea`oYztvaacaa pagaDa janamaanasaavar pa`Kar Asalyaanao janataahI
saamaUihkxrItyaa yaaivar}Ô Aavaaja {zvaIta naahI. payaa_varNaacaI hanaI haota
Asalyaanao payaa_varNavaadI tyaaivar}Ô Aavaaja {zivataata paNa tyaaMnaa
vaoDËata kxaZlao jaatao. taM~a&aanaamauLo Kacaa_ta satata haoNaarI vaaZ
AaiNa payaa_varNaacaI hanaI TaLNyaasaazI {paaya kxaya yaacaI cacaa_ pauZIla
laoKaata kxr}. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">payaa_yaI jaIvana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">jaagaitakx janamaanasaavar taM~a&aanaaca pagaDa
basaNyaamaagao yauraopamaQyao jao ekx tatva&aana 17 vyaa AaiNa 18 vyaa
Satakxata ivakxisata Jaalao tao pa`aya: kxarNaIBaUta Aaho. tyaamaQyao vya$a]I
svaataM~yaavar Bar idlaa gaolaa. ivaSaoYata: pa`tyaokxlaa Aapalyaa
AavaDIinavaDI nausaar maagaNaI naaoMdivaNyaacao svaataM~ya Asalao paaihjao
yaavar Bar idlaa gaolaa. tyaamauLo jaI {tpaadna paÔtaI pa`tyaXaata AalaI
taImaQyao {tpaadna vaaZIvar AaiNa tyaapaasaUna AiQakxaiQakx nafxa kxsaa
imaLola, yaaMvar laXa koMxid`ta Jaalao. yaacavaoLI kxaoLsaa AaiNa laaoKaMD yaa
KainajaaMcao saazo saapaDlao AaiNa tyaapaasaUnacyaa {]jao_var caalaNaarI yaM~ao
pa`caarata AalaI. [MglaMDmaQyao yaaca saumaarasa kuxLaMkxDUna SaotaI kxaZUna
Gao{]na taI maaozËa pa`maaNaavar kxrNyaacaI pa`qaa paDlaI. yaa baokxar
Jaalaolyaa kuxLaMnaa navaIna inaGaalaolyaa kxarKaanyaata naaokxrI imaLalaI paNa
taI kxmaItakxmaI vaotanaavar. payaa_varNaakxDo dula_Xa JaalyaamauLo
kxarKaanyaaMcyaamauLo jaI Sahro maaozI JaalaI, tyaavar kxawyaakux× vaataavarNaacao
AavarNa basalao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">vyai$a]svaataM~yaacaa pa`tyaXaata pairNaama mhNajao
saMpa$aIcao koMxd`IkxrNa, kxamagaaraMcaI Avanata isqataI AaiNa ibaGaDlaolao
payaa_varNa Asaa Jaalaa. yaaivar}Ô maaWsa_nao Aavaaja {zivalaa AaiNa kxamagaar
hoca saMpa$aIcao maalakx Jaalao paaihjaota hI gaaoYT ihrIrInao pauZo
maaMDlaI. maa~a pa`tyaXaata tyaacaahI
pairNaama kxmyauinaJamaÓaro sa$aocao koMxd`IkxrNa haoNyaataca Jaalaa.
kxamagaaraMcaI isqataI sauQaarNyaasaazI kxmyauinasT sa$aaQaa%yaaMnaI doSaataIla
saaQanasaMpa$aIcaI maalakxI sarkxarI koxlaI. paNa tyaataUna inamaa_Na JaalaI
hukuxmaSaahI. BaaMDvalaSaahIlaa (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Capaitalism</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">) paayabaMd basalaa tarI kxamagaaraMcao kxlyaaNa saaQalao
gaolao naahI. vya$a]Ilaa maagaNaI naaoMdivaNyaacaa jaao AiQakxar haotaa, taao
paUNa_ta: dDpalaa gaolaa. raYT^acao baL vaaZivaNao mhNajao AiQakxaiQakx
ivanaaSakxarI Sas~aaMcaI inaima_taI kxr}na sarkxarI sa$aa vaaZivaNyaacao
pa`yaaoga koxlao gaolao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">yaamaQaUna maaga_ kxaZNyaacaa, ekx pa`kxarcaa
maQyamamaaga_ AacarNaata AaNaNyaacaa pa`yaaoga Baartaanao koxlaa. mahatmaa gaaMQaIMsaarKao mahana vyai$a]tva
taM~a&aanaacyaa ivaraoQaata Asalyaanao pa`aqaimakx taM~a&aana,
KaoDËataIla jaIvana sauQaarNyaavar Bar, janataocyaa pa`aqaimakx garjaa
BaagaivaNyaavar Bar idlaa gaolaa AaiNa paihlyaa paMcavaaiYa_kx yaaojanaocyaa
AKaorI tyaacao saupairNaama idsaUnahI Aalao. paNa tyaanaMtar maa~a BaartaIya
vaOiSaYTËaMcao ho Baana sauTlao AaiNa kVxipaTVilaJama, kxmyauinaJama
(saaoSaVilaJama) yaaMcaa baaolabaalaa paunha saur} Jaalaa. BaaMDvalaSaahIlaa
mayaa_idta Xao~ao <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">KaulaI zovaUna sarkxarIrItyaa taM~a&aanaavar
AaQaarIta pa`caMD gauMtavaNaUkx koxlaI gaolaI. tyaamauLo raYT^acyaa
itajaaorItaIla parkxIya calana gaMgaajaLI irtaI hao{]na (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Sterling balance</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">) sarkxarvarIla kxjaa_caa baaojaa vaaZtaca gaolaa. maa~a ikMxmataIvar
sarkxarI inayaM~aNa Asalyaanao KaajagaI {ÒaogaaMcao svaataM~ya mayaa_idta
raihlao AaiNa tyaacaa fxayada sava_saamaanya janataolaa imaLalaa. [Midra
gaaMQaI sa$aovar Asaotaao hI isqataI iTkxlaI. tyaanaMtar maa~a {darIkxrNaacao
vaaro vaahU laagalao, sarkxarI inayaM~aNao iSaiqala JaalaI, payaa_varNaacao
saMrXaNa kxrNaaro fxayado inaYpa`Ba hao{] laagalao AaiNa 1990 naMtar
{darIkxrNaataUna paaEcaatya ivacaarsarNaI AaiNa taM~a&aanaacao pa`Bautva
AapaNa paUNa_paNao svaIkxarlao. yaacao dRSya pairNaama mhNajao satata vaaZtaI
mahagaa[_ AaiNa Ea`ImaMta va garIba yaaMcyaataIla r}MdavaNaarI drI. ekx saXama
maQmama vaga_ inamaa_Na Jaalaa Kara- taM~a&aanaacao vaca_sva AsaNaara </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">–</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> paNa taLagaaLataIla laaokxaMcaI saMKyaa vaaZtaca gaolaI. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">varIla ivavaocanaavar}na ekx laXaata yao[_la kxI
kVxipaTVilaJama, kxmyauinaJma saarKaI paaEcaatya tatva&aanao mauKyata:
AaOÒaoigakx {tpaadna AaiNa saMpa$aIcaI inaima_taI yaaMvar Bar dotaata.
saMpa$aIcao yaaogya ivatarNa kxrNyaacao taM~a tyaamaQyao basaivalaolao AaZLta
naahI. yaa {laT maM. gaaMQaIMcao tatva&aana saMpa$aIcyaa ivatarNaavar AaiNa
tyaaÓaro saaQaNaa%yaa saamaaijakx {nnataIvar Bar doNaaro Asalao tarI tao jyaa
paÔtaInao samaajaata pasarivalao gaolao, taI paÔta navaIna {dyaasa Aalaolyaa
maQyama vagaa_sa, sauiSaiXataaMnaa AaiNa tyaaMcyaaca ivacaaraMcaa pagaDa
Asalaolyaa rajakxarNyaaMcyaa pacanaI paDlaI naahI. pairNaamaI tao paunha
paaEcaatya taM~a&aanaakxDoca AakxiYa_ta Jaalao AaiNa kxmyauinasT sa$aa
kxaolamaDlyaanao Aataa taM~a&aanaaiQaiYzta paaEcaatya tatva&aanaacaaca
baaolabaalaa Aapalyaa doSaata paunha saur} Jaalaa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">yaavar taaoDgaa kxahI AaiSayaayaI raYT^aMnaI SaaoQaUna
kxaZlaa Aaho, {da. isaMgaapaUr, malaoiSayaa, Ea`IlaMkxa, taOvaana, diXaNa
kxaoirAa, ifxilapaInsa. tyaaMnaa Aaja </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Asian Tigers </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">saMbaaoiQalao jaatao. sauQaarNaaMcaI saur}vaata tyaaMnaI jaimanaIcyaa
maalakxIcao ivakoMxd`IkxrNa kxrNyaapaasaUna koxlaI (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Land Reform</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">).
tyaacabaraobar tyaaMnaI saava_i~akx iSaXaNaakxDohI laXa do{]na janataolaa
sauiSaiXata banaivalao. Baartaanao yaa gaaoYTIMvar AjaUnahI Bar idlaolaa naahI,
ho laXaata Gaotalao paaihjao. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Baartaanao Anaokx paMcavaaiYa_kx yaaojanaa rabaivalyaa
Ka%yaa paNa Anaokx maUlaBaUta gaaoYTIMkxDo dula_Xa Jaalao. Baarta {YNa
kxiTbaMQaataIla doSa Aaho, mhNajao naomakox kxaya, yaacao qaoT {$ar Aapalyaa
iSaXaNaata idlao jaata naahI. AilakxDcyaa saMSaaoQanaataUna idsatao kxI
jagaacyaa BaUmaIpaOkxI 2 TWkox BaUmaI Baartaanao vyaapalaI Aaho, paNa Baartaata
jaagaitakx jaOvaivaivaQataopaOkxI (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Biodiversity</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">) 8 TWkox ivaivaQataa {palabQa Aaho. Baarta ha
jaOvavaOivaQya Asalaolaa doSa Aaho, AaiNa yaa ivaivaQataonao maaNasaalaa
jagaNyaasaazI Anaokx payaa_ya idlaolao Aahota. yaa payaa_yaaMcao &aana
AaidvaasaI (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Tribals</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">) jamaataIMnaa jaovaZo Asatao, taovaZo sauiSaiXataaMnaa
nasatao. taM~a&aanaacaa svaIkxar koxlaa kxI ivaivaQataa laaopa paavaUna
ekxsaarKaopaNaa yaotaao. payaa_ya naYT koxlyaacaI jaaNaIva haotao AvaYa_Na
Jaalao, naOsaiga_kx Aapa$aI Aalyaa kxI tyaaMnaa taaoMD doNyaasa taM~a&aana
Apauro paDtao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">inasagaa_caa samyakx ivacaarhI Aapalyaa iSaXaNaata naahI.
AapaNa saaoyaIsaazI inasagaa_cao ivaBaaga koxlao Aahota: {da. BaUSaas~a,
vanaspataISaas~a, pa`aNaISaas~a, paXaISaas~a vagaOro. BaaOitakxI (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Physics</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">), rsaayanaSaas~a, gaiNata, saMKyaaSaas~a tasaoca BaUgaaola,
[itahasa, samaajaSaas~a, vaMSaSaas~a, vaOÒkx yaaMcyaaSaI tyaaMcaI saaMgaD
GaatalaI jaata naahI. pairNaamaI ivaÒaqyaa_sa inasagaa_cao evaZoca navho tar
maanavaI jaIvanaacaohI samyaga\ Aakxlana haota naahI. iSaXaNa ho inarinarawyaa
Saas~aaMcyaa parspar saMbaMQaaMvar AaQaarIta hvao. taM~a&aana ho savaa_Msa
paUrkx zrNaaro ekx Avajaar (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Tool</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">) Aaho, ho AapaNa laXaata Gaotalao paaihjao. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Aaja yaa pairisqataIta sauQaarNaa haoNao jar}r Asaola tar
iSaXaNa savaa_MsaazI AaiNa samyakx (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Holistic</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">) dRYTIvar AaQaarlaolao hvao; vyavasaaya, naaokx%yaa,
saMSaaoQana ho mauKyata:
jaOvaivaivaQataocao, inasagaa_cao saMrXaNa, saMvaQa_na yaaMtaUna pa`apta
Jaalyaa paaihjaota; AaiNa taM~a&aanaacaa vaapar ekx Avajaar (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Tool</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">) mhNaUna Jaalaa paihjao. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Aajacyaa pairisqataIlaa payaa_yaI vyavasqaa saucavaayacaI
JaalaI tar itacaa paayaa vya$a]I AaiNa vyai$a]svaataM~ya haca Asaola. maa~a
vyai$a]svaataM~ya mhNajao Ainaba_MQa AavaDinavaD navho. vya$a]I jaI inavaD
kxrIla tyaavar samaajaacaa AMkuxSa hvaa. Asaa AMkuxSa rajakxIya sa$aonao
laavalaa tar hukuxmaSaahI inamaa_Na haotao, ho [itahasa saaMgataao. ha AMkuxSa
ivavaokxavar AaQaarIta hvaa AaiNa ha ivavaokx svayaMsaovaI saMGaTnaaMkxDUna
pa`taIta Jaalaa paaihjao. yaacaaca Aqa_ Asaa kxI samaajaataIla pa`tyaokx
vya$a]Inao Aapalyaa AavaDIcyaa svayaMsaovaI saMsqaaMcao sadsyatva svaIkxarlao
paaihjao. yaa saMsqaaMnaI Aapalyaa sadsyaaMsaazI ekx AacaarsaMihtaa tayaar
kxrayalaa hvaI kxI ijacyaaÓaro saBaasadaMcyaa AavaDIinavaDIlaa ivaQaayakx vaLNa
laagaola, samaajaivaGaatakx ivacaarsarNaI, Aacaar AaiNa AavaDinavaD yaaMnaa
qaara imaLNaar naahI. rajakxIya sa$aocao ho kxama rahIla kxI ASaa saMGaTnaaMÓaro
samaajaivaGaatakx ivacaar, Aacaar AaiNa AavaDinavaD pa`saRta koxlaI jaata naahI
ho paahNao. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">yaa svayaMsaovaI saMsqaa vyavasaayaavar AaQaarIta
AsataIla, ivaiSaYT ivaYayaataIla saMSaaoQana AaiNa cacaa_ yaaMvar AaQaarIta
AsataIla, vyaapaar AaiNa dovaGaova yaaMvar AaQaarIta AsataIla, kxlaakxaOSalyao
yaaMvar AaQaarIta AsataIla, ivaiSaYT ivaQaayakx mataaMcaa pa`caar kxrNaa%yaa AsataIla, Qama_ va paMqa
yaaMvar hI AaQaarIta AsataIla. maa~a tyaa ivaQaayakx kxaya_ kxrIta Aahota,
Taokxacao ivacaar pa`saRta kxrIta naahIta, ho paahNao sarkxarcao kxta_vya
Asaola. tyaaMcyaakxDUna mauKya ApaoXaa ASaI kxI tyaa jaI AacaarsaMihtaa
svaIkxartaIla tyaataUna sadsad\ivavaokx bauÔIvar AaQaarIta {paBaaoga va {paBaaogya
vastaU yaaMcyaa {tpaadnaasa caalanaa imaLola.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">vya$a]Ilaa jyaacyaa tyaacyaa {tpannaanausaar
AavaDinavaDIcao svaataM~ya Asaola paNa ASaI AavaDinavaD ivaQaayakx Asaola,
samaajaivaGaatakx nasaola, ho yaa saMsqaa paahtaIla. tyaacapa`maaNao jyaacyaa
tyaacyaa bauÔIma$aonausaar, kxaOoSalyaanausaar, iSaXaNaanausaar saMpa$aI
imaLivaNyaasa, KaajagaI maalama$aa jamaivaNyaasa vya$a]Ilaa svaataM~ya Asaola
paNa taI AvaOQa maagaa_nao jamaivalaI jaaNaar naahI, ho yaa svayaMsaovaI
saMsqaa paahtaIla. tasaoca naOsaiga_kx saaQanasaMpa$aIvar eKaaÒa vya$a]Icaa
hWkx Asaola, tar itacaa ivainayaaoga kxrNyaacao itacao svaataM~ya svaMyasaovaI
saMsqaacyaa AacaarsaMihtaonausaar zroÊ ikMxvaa mayaa_idta hao[_Ê.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Aaiqa_kx vyavaharacaa paayaa mauKyata: jaOvaBaar,
jaOvaivaivaQataa AaiNa jaOivakx &aana Asaa AsaoÊ. taM~a&aana navho.
taM~a&aanaacaa {payaaoga mauKyata: naOsaiga_kx saaQanasaMpa$aIcaa djaa_
sauQaarNao-vaaZivaNao, inasagaa_kxDUna jyaa sauivaQaa savaa_Mnaa fuxkxT
imaLtaata, {da. AaViWsajanayau$a] vaataavarNa, kxITkxaMÓaro baIjavahna, gaaoDo
paaNaI, saupaIkx jamaIna, vanao, gavataaL pa`doSa Asao naOsaiga_kx AiQavaasa,
ikxnaa%yaaÊa ÊagaUna AsaÊoÊa samaud`acaa Baaga va KaaDËa vagaOro, yaa
sauivaQaaMcaa djaa_ raKaNao-sauQaarNao (pa`duYaNaapaasaUna tyaaMnaa
vaacaivaNao) Asaa AsaoÊ. yaamauLo samaajaata saMpa$aIcao vaaTpa samapa`maaNaata
haoNyaasa madta hao[_Ê AaiNa Aaja jao mahtva inavvaL paOSaaÊa AaÊo Aaho, tao
inasaga_, naOsaiga_kx saaQanasaMpa$aI AaiNa naOsaiga_kx sauivaQaa yaaMnaa
yao[_Ê.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">samaajaataIÊ vyavasaaya, {Òaoga, naaokx%yaa yaa mauKyata:
inasaga_, naOsaiga_kx saaQanasaMpa$aIcaa djaa_ va jaOvaBaar, naOsaiga_kx
sauivaQaa yaaMcaI raKaNa, djaa_ vaaZivaNao va tyaaMcaa icarMjaIvaI {paBaaoga
GaoNao, yaaMvar AaQaairta AsataIÊ. kxaoLsaa va taoÊ yaaMsaarKaI {]jao_caI
saaQanao yaa savaa_McaI doKaBaaÊ, taMdur]staI AaiNa paunar]jjaIvana yaaMsaazI
mauKyata: vaaparÊI jaataIÊ.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">inasagaa_cyaa
paunar]jjaIvanaataUna Anaokx vyavasaaya va naaokx%yaa tayaar hao{] SakxtaIÊ
yaaMta SaMkxa naahI. paunar]jjaIvanaamauLo raYT^Iya saMpa$aIta satata Bar paDoÊ
AaiNa mahagaa[_caa Basmaasaur naahIsaa hao{]na samaajakxlyaaNa saaQaÊo jaa[_Ê. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">yaacaa Aqa_ kxarKaanadarI
Aijabaata nakxao Asaa naahI. paNa taI Êhana pa`maaNaavar, ivakoMxid`ta
svar]paacaI AaiNa sava_saamaanyaaMcyaa garjaa paurivaNaarI hvaI. navanavaIna
AaiÊSaana maaoTarI baajaarata AaNaNaarI nakxao. tyaacabaraobar jaimanaIcaI
maaÊkxI vaOyai$a]kx paNa tyaata kxaoNataI ipakox GyaayacaI, tyaasaazI paaNaI,
Katao, Avajaaro yaaMcao vaaTpa kxsao kxrayacao ho gaavapaataLIvar,
ga`amasaBaota ivacaar ivainamaya hao{]na zrÊo paaihjao.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">SaotaI {tpaadnaata pa`aQaanya
Asaavao sqaainakx janataocyaa garjaa paurivaNyaalaa. tyaanaMtar jaI jamaIna va
[tar saaQanasaMpa$aI (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Resources</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">) iSallakx rahtaIla tyaaMcaa {payaaoga baajaarpaoz
AaiNa inayaa_ta yaaMcyaa garjaa BaagaivaNyaasaazI vhavaa. tasaoca Kainaja
taola, kxaoLsaa, yaaMcaa vaapar samaajaacyaa garjaa paurivaNyaasaazI pa`aya:
Jaalaa paaihjao. {da. vaIja va paaNaI paurvaza, saava_jainakx vaahtaUkx,
pa`aqaimakx AaiNa maaQyaimakx iSaXaNa kxI jao inasaga_, naOsaiga_kx
saaQanasaMpa$aI AaiNa naOsaiga_kx sauivaQaa yaaMbaabata Saas~aaQaarIta &aana
va tyaaMcaa yaaogya vaapar kxsaa kxrayacaa ho QaDo ivaÒaqyaa_naa do[_la.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">kxaoLsaa AaiNa taola yaaMcaa
vaapar Ainaba_MQa vaOyai$a]kx AavaDinavaD, koMxd`IBaUta taM~a&aana AaiNa
inavvaL paaEcaatyaaMcao AnaukxrNa, Asaa haotaa kxamaa nayao. mhNajaoca BaaOitakx
Saas~aaMcyaa inayamaaMmauLo jyaa mayaa_da yaotaata, tyaataUna pauYkxLSaI
sauTkxa hao[_la AaiNa {tpaadnaapaoXaa kxcara maala jaasta tayaar haoNaar naahI.
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">rajakxIya sa$aa laaokxSaahI
tatvaavar AsaNao yaaogyaca Aaho. sarkxarcaI kxta_vyao mauKyata: kxaoNataI, ho
vaoLaovaoLI saaMigatalaoca Aaho. vaOyai$a]kx maalakxIcaa {payaaoga
saaQanasaMpa$aIcaa saaza kxr}na taao dabaUna zovaNao, tyaacyaa ivak`xIvar
ikMxvaa KarodIvar qaaoDËa laaokxaMcaI ikMxvaa CaoTËa samaUhacaI ma$a]odarI
AsaNao, yaaMcaa baMdaobastahI sarkxarlaa kxravaa laagaola.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">bacata AaiNa saMpa$aIcaI
inaima_taI pa`aya: vaOyai$a]kx bauiÔma$aa, kxaOSalya AaiNa {ÒmaSaIlataa yaaMvar
AvalaMbaUna Asaola AaiNa BaaMDvalaI gauMtavaNaUkx mauKyata: svayaMsaovaI
saMsqaa AaiNa tyaaMcao maaga_dSa_na yaaMvar zrola. tasaoca saaQanasaMpa$aIcyaa
vaOyai$a]kx maalakxItaUna yaaogya tao BaaDo Aakxar}na vya$a]Ilaa {tpanna
imaLivataa yao[_la. maa~a yaaMmaQyao sa×abaajaI AaiNa Avaacyaasavvaa BaaDo
AakxarNaI haota naahI naa, ho sarkxarlaa pahavao laagaola. sarkxarI QaaorNa AaKataanaa
naOsaiga_kx saaQanasaMpa$aIbaabatacaa saKaaola, Saas~aIya &aanaaMcaa AaQaar
AavaSyakx maanalaa jaavaa. tasaoca
laaokxsaMKyaa vaaZIvarhI inayaM~aNa sarkxarcao AsaNao AavaSyakx Aaho.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Aqa_vyavasqaocaa gaaBaa
inasaga_ AaiNa inasaga_saMpa$aIcaa yaaogya vaapar va itacao paunar}jjaIvana
Asaa hvaa. inasagaa_caI ivaBaagaNaI kxr}na ( {da. SaotaI va vanao) tyaaMpaOkxI
kxahIMnaa pa`aQaanya AaiNa [taraMkxDo dula_Xa hI pairisqataI badlalaI paaihjao.
saoMid`ya SaotaI, {]jao_saazI hayaD^aojana saarKyaa navaIna s~aaotaaMcaa
{payaaoga yaaMvar saMSaaoQana koMxid`ta koxlao paaihjao. saUya_{]jao_caa
{payaaoga paaNaI taapaivaNao, Garo {badar ikMxvaa qaMD raKaNao, kxpaDo
vaaLivaNao Asaa hao[_la tarca paunha BaaOitakx inayamaaMpaasaUna itacaI sauTkxa
hao[_la. pavana{]jao_caa {payaaoga Asaaca ivaQaayakxrItyaa hao{] Sakoxla, maa~a
tyaasaazI pa`caMD Aakxaracyaa pavanacaWWyaa {Baar}na koMxd`IBaUta {]jaa_
inamaa_Na kxrNao TaLlaoxpaaihjao kxarNa ASaa sava_ gaaoYTI kxaoLsaa va Kainaja
taola yaaMcyaa vaaparaivanaa SaWya haota naahIta. paaEcaatya doSaaMmaQyao Anaokx
lahanasahana janasamaUhaMnaI ASaI saaQaI, kxmaI gauMMtaagauMtaIcaI paNa
Aqa_pauNa_ AaiNa samaaQaana doNaarI jaIvanaSaOlaI, AacarNyaasa saur}vaata
koxlaI Aaho. tyaaMnaI raYT^Iya Aqa_vyavasqaopaasaUna fxarkxta Gao{]na svata:cao
calana (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Currency</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">) hI
vaaparata AaNalao Aaho. ekxmaokxaMnaa saovaa-sauivaQaa paurivaNyaavar tyaaMcaI
Aqa_vyavasqaa AaQaarlaolaI Aaho.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Aaja payaa_yaI
Aqa_vyavasqaocaa savaa_Mnaaca ivacaar kxravaa laagata Aaho, kxarNa kxaoLsaa va
taola yaaMcao saazo koxvha naa koxvha saMpaNaar Aahota. inasaga_samaRÔ
Baartaalaa Anaokx pa`kxarcaI saaQanasaMpa$aI AaiNa taI vaaparNyaacao Anaokx
payaa_ya {palabQa Aahota. garIbaI paOSaavar zrta naahI tar Asao Anaokx payaa_ya
naYT Jaalao tar bahusaMKyaaMnaa jaIvanaca ASaWya haotao AaiNa tao garIbaIcyaa
Kaa[_ta laaoTlao jaataata. ho payaa_ya jaaopaasalao mhNajaoca inasaga_ samaRÔ
koxlaa tar caMgaLvaad, garIbaI AaiNa kxmaalaIcaI saamaaijakx ivaYamataa
yaaMpaasaUna AapalaI sauTkxa hao[_la. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> p</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">a`kxaSa gaaoLo</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
www.ecological-society.orghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03277606873549006844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7193000495744135887.post-81921070043117780772014-01-30T22:47:00.005-08:002014-01-30T22:49:37.399-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 36px;">शिक्षणवेध </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aataa
maI jao iÊhIta Aaho, tao maaJao ivacaar Aahota AaiNa tao kxahIsao svaOr Aahota.
tao kxaoNatyaahI saMSaaoQanaavar AaQaairta naahIta, tyaasaazI maI Anaokx
ga`qaaMcao pairSaIÊna koxÊo Aaho AsaohI naahI ikMxvaa Anaokx saMdBaa_Mcaa
AaQaarhI GaotaÊoÊa naahI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> tao
Aahota maaJyaa svata:cyaa AnauBavaaMvar AaQaairta </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">–</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ekx
ivaÒaqaI_ mhNaUna. tao Aahota maaJyaa tauTpauMjyaa inarIXaNaavar AaQaairta. tao
Aahota iSaXakx, iSaXakxta&a yaaMcyaaSaI maaJyaa JaaÊolyaa taaoTWyaa
cacao_var AaQaairta. tyaamauLo Aataa jaI vaaWyao maI iÊhIta Aaho, taI jaSaIcyaa
taSaI svaIkxar} nayaota ikMxvaa Avhor} nayaota. tyaataIÊ fxWta maitataaqa_
jaaNaavaa, mama_ ÊXaata Gyaavao, [takoxca!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Aajacyaa
iSaXaNaavar, iSaXaNapaÔtaIvar TIkxa JaaÊoÊI BarpaUr eokxayaÊa imaLtao. Aajacao
iSaXaNa inar}payaaogaI Aaho, TakxavaU Aaho, tao ivaÒaqyaa_Mnaa tak_xSauÔ
ivacaar kxrayaÊa iSakxvaIta naahIta, inarIXaNa kxsao kxravao yaacao QaDo dota
naahI ikMxvaa tyaaMcyaamaQyao kxaoNatyaahI kxsabaaMcaa (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">skills</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)caa
ivakxasa hao[_Ê ho pahata naahI. tao saacaobaMd Aaho, paustakxI Aaho. &aana
navho tar fxWta ivaiSaYT pa`kxaracaI maaihtaI paurivaNaaro Aaho, vagaOro.
tyaata ÊXaNaIya badla Asaa qaaoDa JaaÊoÊa Aaho. maaJao vaaDvaiDÊ jao iSakxÊo,
taoca qaaoDËafxar fxrkxanao maI iSakxtaaoya, jarI pairisqataIta AamauÊaga` badÊ
JaaÊoÊa AsaÊa tarI. iSavaaya SahrataIÊ iSaXaNa AaiNa KaoDËataIÊ iSaXaNa
yaaMmaQyao fxar maaozI drI Aaho AaiNa taI r}Mdavataoya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> iSaXaNa
mhTÊo kxI DaowËaMsamaaor {BaI rahtao taI SaaLa ikMxvaa mahaivaÒaÊya </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">–</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
tyaaMcyaa tyaa zaokxLobaaja [maartaI, caaOkxaonaI vaga_, tyaataÊI KaDbaDIta
AaiNa maukxI baakox, tyaata k aoMbaÊoÊI mauÊo AaiNa mauÊI AaiNa
tyaaMcyaasamaaor {Bao rahUna baDbaDNaara iSaXakx ikMxvaa pa`aQyaapakx. ha
saacaa kxahIsaa iSaiqaÊ kxrNyaacao pa`yatna kxahI saMsqaaMnaI AaiNa SaaLaMnaI
kxoÊo Aahota. naahI Asao naahI. {da. &aanapa`baaoQanaI, ga`amamaMgaÊ,
AXarnaMdna vagaOro. maa~a Asao pa`yaaoga kxahIsao ekxakxI Aahota, ivaiSaYT
vyaWtaIMvar AvaÊMbaUna Aahota, iSaXaNa paÔtaInao tyaaMcaa AjaUna svaIkxar
koxÊoÊa naahI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> iSaXaNaata,
iSaXaNapaÔtaIta AamauÊaga` sauQaarNaa JaaÊI paaihjao, Asao Anaokx Êaokx
mhNataata, paNa itacao naomakox svar}pa kxsao AaiNa kxaoNatao, tyaasaazI
iSaXakx kxsao GaDvaayacao, tyaasaazI kxaoNataI saMsaaQanao laagataIla,
kxaoNatyaa sauivaQaa laagataIla yaaMvar saKaaola, tapaSaIlavaar ivacaar,
ivacaar-maMqana Jaalaolao idsata naahIta. SaOXaiNakx sauQaarNaaMcao svar}pa
AjaUna pa`ayaaoigakx, vaOyai$a]kx AaiNa sqaainakx Asao Aaho, saava_jainakx,
vyaapakx naahI. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> pa`qamata:
paahU yaa, Aaja KaoDo AaiNa Sahro ASaI jaI ivaBaagaNaI idsatao, tyaamaQyao jaI
ekx drI idsatao, taI kxSaI kxmaI kxrayacaI, imaTvaayacaI. malaa vaaTtao kxI
SahrataIla SaaLaMnaI javaLpaasacyaa KaoDËataIla SaaLaMSaI AaMtairkx saMbaMQa
jaaoDavaota, caalaU BaaYaota tyaaMnaa d$akx Gyaavao AaiNa tyaaMcyaata Aadanapa`dana
vhavao- ivaÒaqyaa_Mcao, iSaXakxaMcao, saMsaaQanaaMcao, caala-calaNaukxIcao
AaiNa ivacaaraMcao!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> mhNajao
SahrataIla ivaÒaqyaa_MnaI inayaimatapaNao KaoDËata jaavao, tyaa gaavaat
ihMDavao, sarpaMca va [tar pa`itaiYzta, pauZarI laaokxaMSaI baaolaavao,
itaqalyaa samasyaa jaaNaUna Gyaavyaata, tyaaMnaa kxaoNatyaa sauQaarNaa hvyaata,
svata:laa kxaoNatyaa saucaivataa yaotaata, yaaMcaI cacaa_ kxravaI, itaqalyaa
sauivaQaa ikMxvaa sauivaQaaMcaa ABaava jaaNaUna Gyaavyaa, pairsar pahavaa, inasaga_
jaaoKaavaa, inasaga_ saMvaQa_na kxsao kxrtaa yao[_la, sauivaQaa kxSaa
sauQaartaa yaotaIla, yaaMcaI cacaa_ kxravaI, tyaasaMbaMQaI yaaojanaa, pa`kxlpa
tayaar kxravao AaiNa ekxmaokxaMcyaa sahayyaanao tao kxsao paar paaDtaa
yaotaIla, tao pahavao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> tyaacapa`maaNao
KaoDËataIla maulaaMnaI Sahrata yaavao, ihMDavao, itaqalaI gadI_, gajabajaaT,
rhdarI AnauBavaavaI. itaqalyaa caaLItaIla, sadinakxataIla, baMgalyaataIla
jaIvana pahavao. Sahracyaa samasyaa jaaNaUna Gyaavyaa, {da. paaNaIpaurvaza,
pa`dUYaNa, QaavapaL, JaaopaDpa×Ëa vagaOro. KaoDËaMtaUna Sahrata rhayalaa
Aalaolyaa tar}Na- tar}NaIMSaI baaolaavao, ekxIkxDo baokxarI tar dusarIkxDo
kxamagaaraMcaI TMcaa[_ Asao ica~a kxa Aaho, tao jaaNaUna GaoNyaasaazI
ta&aaMSaI gappaa maaravyaa vagaOro. yaaMmauLo parspar paircaya, maO~aI,
ekxmaokxaMnaa madta kxrNyaacaI pa`vaR$aI vaaZIlaa laagaola, tyaataUna kxahI
naavaInyapaUNa_ pa`kxlpa {Bao rahtaIla ASaI AaSaa kxrayalaa hrkxta naahI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dusarI
mahtvaacaI gaaoYT mhNajao Aajacaa AByaasak`xma- Saalaoya AaiNa
mahaivaÒalayaIna, saamaaijakx- Aaiqa_kx AaiNa taM~a&aanaatmakx. taao
saacaobaMd AaiNa paustakxI Aaho ho Karoca paNa mahtvaacaI gaaoYT mhNajao
&aana AapaNa inarinaraLo saacao paaDUna tyaata kxaoMbalao Aaho. tyaataUna
tyaacaI ekxsaMGataa jaSaI pa`taIta haota naahI tasaa ivaÒaqyaa_Mcyaa manaavarhI
pairNaama ekxsaMGa na haotaa tauTkx- tauTkx (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fragmented</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
Asaa haotaao. ho &aanahI fxar varvarcao vaaTtao, kxaoNatyaahI ivaYayaacyaa
gaaByaata na iSarNaaro, inarinarawyaa ivaYayaaMcao inarinaraLo parsparsaMbaMQa,
naatao laXaata na GaoNaaro AaiNa mhNaUnaca pairisqataI ivaSlaoYaNaatmakx na
vaaTtaa, pairiqataIcaI koxvaL maaihtaI doNaaro Asao zrtao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Baartaacaoca
{dahrNa yaasaMbaMQaata Gao{] yaa. BaartaataIla BaaOgaaoilakx pairisqataI,
paa{]samaana, paavasaacaI Ainayaimatataa, tasaoca inarinarawyaa pa`doSaata
AaZLNaaro pa`aNaI-paXaI,, vanaspataI, vaaLvaMTI AaiNa kxaorDo, tasaoca
Aitapaavasaacao pa`doSa yaaMcaI vaOiSaYTËo AaiNa tyaata GaDlaolyaa
inarinarawyaa maanavaI saMskRxtaI yaaMcao &aana- maaihtaI ivaÒaqyaa_Mnaa
idlaI jaatao. paNa yaacaa saakxlyaanao ivacaar koxlaa jaata naahI, mhNajao
naomakox kxaya? tar Baarta ha ekx {YNa pa`doSaIya doSa Aaho. {YNapa`doSaIya
BaUpa`doSaaMcaI mauKya vaOiSaYTËo kxaoNataI tar paaNyaacaI AtaIva TMcaa[_,
taIva` taapamaana va tyaamauLo satata haoNaaro baaYpaIBavana AaiNa tasaoca
jaOivakxtaocao satata AaiNa vaogaanao haoNaaro ivaGaTna. hI maUlaBaUta
pairisqataI laXaata GaotalaI tar BaartaataIla jaIvanapaÔtaI vyavasaaya-QaMdo, kxarigarI yaaMcao ekx
inaraLoca ica~a DaowyaaMsamaaor {Bao rahIla. Baartaacaa fxar maaoza BaUpa`doSa
kxaorDa, pajya_naCayaocaa, AinaiEcata paavasaacaa Aaho; pauYkxLsaa DaoMgaraL
Aaho, BaartaataIla bahutaokx naÒa baarmaahI vaahNaa%yaa naahIta, tyaamauLo
maataIcao qar(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Soil</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ) paataL,
caTkxna jalaaMSa gamaavaNaaro AaiNa Kainajayau$a] (M</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mineral</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
Aahota. tao SaotaIlaa fxar qaaoDËa pa`maaNaata AnaukUxla Aahota. tyaamauLo
Baartaalaa SaotaIpa`Qaana doSa maanaNao baraobar naahI. Baartaalaa
SaotaIpa`Qaana banaivalao iba`iTSa rajavaTInao. iba`iTSaaMnaI BaartaataIla
Anaokx {ÒaogaQaMdo, kxaraigarI {dQvasta koxlaI, BaartaIyaaMnaI ivaiSaYT {Òaoga
kxrayacaoca naahIta ASaI baMdI GaatalaI, tyaamauLo bahusaMKya janataolaa
SaotaIvar AvalaMbaUna rhaNao Apairhaya_ Jaalao. Baarta SaotaIpa`Qaana Jaalaa
naahI tar bahusaMKya janataolaa SaotaIiSavaaya payaa_ya {rlaa naahI. taovha
Baartaalaa SaotaIpa`Qaana mhNaNao AaiNa tyaasaazI sava_~a SaotaIlaa {$aojana
doNao, ho yaaogya haota naahI. tyaamauLo BaUmaISaI inagaDIta payaa_yaI
{payaaogaaMcaa- vaaparaMcaa (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Land use</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
ivacaar maagao paDtaao, {da. gavataaL pa`doSa ikMxvaa kuxrNaaMcao
vyavasqaapana, inarinarawyaa vanapa`kxaraMcao saMvaQa_na AaiNa vyavasqaapana,
yaaMcaa iSaXaNaata fxar AlpaMaSaanao samaavaoSa haotaao. pairNaamaI
{Òaoga-vyavasaayaata jaI ivaivaQataa yaayalaa hvaI, taI yaota naahI. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> taIca
gaaoYT taM~a&aanaacaI. AajacaI taM~ao hI mauKyata: taola, kxaoLsaa va
jalaSa$a]I yaaMpaasaUna imaLNaa%yaa [MQanaaMvar, {]jao_var AaQaarIta Aahota.
yaa taInahI gaaoYTIMcaI {palabQataa Baartaata samaaQaanakxarkx naahI. taolaacao
BaUgaBaa_taIla saazo javaLpaasa naahIta, kxaoLsaa kxmaI pa`taIcaa bahuSa:
imaLtaao AaiNa baarmaahI paa{]sa nasalyaanao jalaSa$a]I imaLivaNyaasaazI
mahagaDI QarNao baaMQaavaI laagataata. ASaa pairisqataIta yaa [MQanaaMcaa
maaozËa pa`maaNaavar vaapar kxrNaaro {ÒaogaQaMdo Aapalyaa doSaata saur} kxrNao,
tyaaMnaa {$aojana doNao, tyaaÓaro laaokxvastaIcao koMxd`IkxrNa kxrNao, maaozËa
SahraMnaa sauivaQaa paurivaNyaasaazI AajaUbaajaUcyaa pa`doSaaMnaa vaozIlaa
QarNao, itaqalyaa laaokxaMnaa naaokxrIsaazI SahMrata sqalaaMtar kxrNao Baaga
paaDNao ho sayaui$a]kx zrtao kxa, yaacaa saKaaola ivacaar Jaalaolaa idsata
naahI. tasaoca yaalaa payaa_ya kxaoNatao Aahota, tyaasaazI saava_i~akx
iSaXaNaacaI saaoya kxSaI kxrayalaa laagaola, tyaasaazI iSaXakx kxsao GaDvaavao
laagataIla yaacaahI ivacaar Jaalaolaa idsata naahI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Aaja
jao taM~a&aana mahaivaÒalayaataUna iSakxivalao jaatao, tyaacao paNa ekxa
baabataIta AaEcaya_ vaaTtao. taI gaaoYT ivaÒaqyaa_Mnaa saaMigatalaI /
iSakxivalaI jaata naahI. itacyaakxDo dula_Xa tarI haotao ikMxvaa taI
mauÕamahUna ivaÒaqyaa_MpaasaUna lapavaUna zovalaI jaatao. taI gaaoYT ASaI kxI jaovha
kxaoLsaa, taola, jalaSa$a]I yaa [MQanaaMcaa vaapar kxr}na KainajaaMcao, d`vyaaMcao
ikMxvaa jaOivakx padaqaa_Mcao tayaar padaqaa_ta pairvata_na koxlao jaatao,
taovha tayaar vastaUpaoXaa jaasta pa`maaNaata TakxavaU maala </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">–</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
kxcara () tayaar haotaao. yaa TakxavaU maalaacaI ikMxmata, tyaacyaa ivalhovaaTIcaI
ikMxmata {tpaadna Kacaa_ta QarlaI tar kxaoNatyaahI {tpaadnaacaa Kaca_ ha
tyaacyaa laavalaolyaa ikMxmataIpaoXaa jaasta zrtaao. taao Qar}na tayaar
maalaacaI ikMxmata laavalaI, tar kxaoNataoca {tpaadna ga`ahkxalaa parvaDNaar
naahI AaiNa ijaqao Asao kxayado kxDkx Asataata itaqao {tpaadkxacaI pa`vaR$aI hI
ijaqao kxayado iSaiqala Asataata ASaa izkxaNaI; ASaa doSaata hlaivaNyaakxDo
Asatao. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Saas~aIya
BaaYaota {]jaa_ AaiNa Kainajao (d`vya, jaOvaBaar) yaaMcyaataIla yaa naatyaalaa
laaV AaVfx enT^paI saMbaaoiQalao jaatao. ha baaOitakx inayama jar SabdSa:
vaaparlaa tar sava_ca AaQauinakx {tpaadna paÔtaI ASaWyapa`aya hao[_la. tarIhI
taI AaOÒaoigakx k`xaMtaI yaa jaaordar naavaaKaalaI caalaivalaI jaatao, yaacao
kxarNa hI k`xaMtaI SaWya haotao payaa_varNaakxDo, janataocyaa AaraogyaakxDo,
naOsaiga_kx saMsaaQamaacyaa djaa_kxDo dula_Xa kxr}na mhNajaoca {tpaadna
Kacaa_caa fxar maaoza Baaga payaa_varNa, naOsaiga_kx GaTkx AaiNa AiSaiXata va
garIba janataa yaaMnaa sahna kxravaa laagataao. AaOÒaoigakx k`xaMtaImauLo,
taSaaca pa`kxarcyaa kRxYaIk`xaMtaImauLo BaartaacaI BarBaraT hao[_la ho davao,
varIla BaaOitakx inayama Gaotalaa tar ikxtaI fxaola Aahota ho laXaata yao[_la.
1990 saalaapaasaUna Baartaata jao {darIkxrNa, jaagaitakxIkxrNa saur} Jaalao,
tyaamauLo yaa pa`kxarcyaa {tpaadna-paÔtaIlaa caalanaaca imaLalaI,AaiNa
sava_saamaanyaaMcyaa dRYTInao tyaacaa pairNaama kxaoNataa idsaUna Aalaa tar
jaIvanaavaSyakx gaaoYTIMcaI TMcaa[_ va pa`caMD mahagaa[_ AaiNa Ea`ImaMta AaiNa
garIba yaaMcyaataIla satata r}MdavaNaarI drI; mhNajaoca Ea`ImaMta AiQakx
Ea`ImaMta haotaahota AaiNa garIba rsaataLasa jaata Aahota. garIbaI hTava hI GaaoYaNaa jar
pa`tyaXaata AaNaayacaI JaalaI tar yaa [MQanaavar AaQaarIta taM~a&aanaalaa
payaa_ya SaaoQalao paaihjaota, AaiNa doSaataIla garIbaaMcao kxlyaaNa kxsao
saaQataa yao[_la ho paaihlao paaihjao. yaacaaca Aqa_ iSaXaNaata maUlaBaUta
badla kxravayaasa hvaa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yaa
[MQanaavar AaQaarIta taM~a&aanaamauLo payaa_varNaacaI pa`caMD hanaI JaalaI
Aaho Asao Anaokx Ahvaala daKavaUna dotaata. {dahrNaaqa_, doSaataIla sava_
AaoZo-naÒa kxmaalaIcyaa pa`dUiYata Jaalyaa Aahota, BaUgaBaa_taIla paaNyaaMcyaa
saazËaMnaahI pa`dUYaNaacaI baaQaa JaalaI
Aaho. Anaokx izkxaNaI maataIcao qar (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Soil</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">) pa`dUiYata
Jaalyaanao SaotaI ASaWya JaalaI Aaho. hvaocao pa`dUYaNahI vaaZtao Aaho.
tyaamauLo kVxnsarsaarKao AsaaQya raoga, =d\raoga, AataDËaMcao raoga yaaMcao
pa`maaNa satata vaaZtao Aaho. janataocyaa Aaraogyaavar yaaMcaa AitaSaya
ivaparIta pairNaama haotaao Aaho.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Aajacyaa
iSaXaNapaÔtaIta yaa savaa_Mnaa payaa_yaca {palabQa naahI, Asao ABaaivatapaNao
gaRhIta Qarlao jaatao. tyaamauLo sava_ca ivaÒaqaI_, paalakx, Saasanakxtao_
AaiNa sa$aa gaajaivaNaaro rajakxarNaI, ho sava_ca caalaU pairisqataIpauZo
Agaitakx Asalyaacao ica~a idsatao. maga yaavar {paaya kxaya? payaa_ya
kxaoNatao, ho Aataa paahU yaa. maaJyaa AlpamataInausaar maI ho payaa_ya
SaaoQaNyaacaa pa`yatna koxlaa Aaho AaiNa tyaavar AaQaarIta ekx vaYaa_caa
pad\vyau$ar AByaasak`xma tayaar koxlaa Aaho. gaolaI 15 vaYao_ taao Aamacyaa
[kxaVlaaVijakxla saaosayaTItafo_x caalaivalaa jaata Aaho AaiNa jyaaMnaI taao yaSasvaIpaNao
paar paaDlaa tyaaMnaI Aamhalaa kxLivalao Aaho kxI Aamacyaa jaIvanadRYTIta
k`xaMtaIkxarkx badla Jaalaa. Aamacyaa AByaasak`xmaalaa yaoNaaro laaokx Asataata
[MijainaAr, Aaik_xToWT, DaVWTr, Saasanaacyaa inarinarawyaa ivaBaagaata
kxrNaaro, inarinarawyaa {Òaogaata, vyavasayaaMta gauMtalaolao vagaOro. Ho sava_
bahuQaa Aapaapalyaa vyavasaayaata bastaana basaivalaolao Asataata,
tyaamaanaanao naukxtaoca padvaIQar Jaalaolao tar}Na-tar}NaI kxmaI Asataata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yaa
AByaasak`xmaata kxaoNatyaahI SaaKoata </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">–</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> AaT_sa\,
kxaVmasa_, saayansa, eMijainaAirMga, maoiDisana- padvaI imaLivalaolyaaMnaa
pa`vaoSa imaLtaao. tasaoca AamhI Aamacyaa ivaiSaYT ta%honao AaT_sa, saayansa,
kxaVmasa_, laaV vagaOro sava_ca ivaYaya yaa kxaosa_maQyao hataaLlao jaataata.
iSaXaNa pauYkxLsao AaMtarSaaKaIya tasaoca inarinarawyaa SaaKaaMmaQaIla
AaMtairkx saMbaMQa ivaSad kxrNaaro Aaho. tyaacabaraobar pairisqataIcaa pa`tyaXa
AByaasa kxrNyaasaazI caar iSaibaro GaotalaI jaataata. taI vanao, gavataaL va
kxaorDo pa`doSa, samaud` ikxnaara AaiNa ihmaalaya yaa pairsaMsqaaMcaa pa`tyaXa
paircaya kxr}na doNao yaasaazI Asataata. yaaiSavaaya Kaulyaa cacaa_, pairsaMvaadhI
haotaata. yaa AByaasak`xmaalaa parIXaa naahI. tar saMpaUNa_ vaYaa_ta
ivaÒaqyaa_MnaI daKaivalaolyaa kxayaa_var tyaaMnaa pa`Saistapa~akx imaLNaar kxI naahI
ho zrtao. maaJyaa matao ha ekx navaIna iSaXaNaQaara pa`tyaXaata AaNaNyaacaa
pa`yatna Aaho. ivaÒaqyaa_Mcao SaIla, caair~ya GaDivaNyaacaa Aamacaa pa`yatna
Asataao AaiNa tyaata Aamhalaa ba%yaapaOkxI yaSa imaLtao, Asaa Aamacaa AnauBava
Aaho.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yaa
paazImaagaIla maaJaI manaaoBaUimakxa ASaI: Baarta doSa jagaataIla BaUBaagaacao
2 TWkox Xao~a vyaapataao paNa yaa
pa`doSaata jaagaitakx jaOvaivaivaQataopaOkxI 8 TWkox ivaivaQataa ekxvaTlaolaI
Aaho. ho paaihlao tar Baarta inasaga_pa`Qaana doSa Aaho ho laXaata yao[_la.
Aapalao iSaXaNa, taM~ao, {Òaoga, vyavasaaya, SaotaI hI yaa gaaoYTIMSaI
sausaMgata hvaI. Aajacao taM~a&aana manauYyabaLaeovajaI yaM~aaMnaa
pa`aQaanya doNaaro Aaho; tyaasa pa`caMD BaaMDvalaI Kaca_ AaiNa satatacyaa
naOsaiga_kx saMsaaQanaaMcaa paurvaza laagataao. yaataUna inasagaa_caI
ipaLvaNaUkx haotao. yaa{laT jaOvaivaivaQataocao saMrXaNa, saMvaQa_na,
paunar}jjaIvana ho yaM~aaMpaoXaa manauYyabaLalaa Aavaahna kxrtao. mhNajaoca
Aajacyaa baokxarIvar yaa pa`ik`xyaa ramabaaNa {paaya zrtaata. ivaSaoYata: inasagaa_cyaa
paunar}jjaIvanaacaI jaI taM~ao Aaja ivakxisata haota Aahota, tyaasaazI kuxSala
manauYyabaLacaI AavaSyakxtaa Aaho. tyaataUna inamaa_Na haoNaar Aaho
inasaga_Qana. tao AsaMKya BaavaI ipaZËaMnaa jaIvanadaiyanaI saarKao zrNaar
Aaho. inasagaa_var AaQaarIta iSaXaNaca Aapalaa BaivaYyakxaL {jvala kxrIla Asao
malaa AatmaivaEvaasapaUva_kx mhNaavaosao vaaTtao. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> paaEcaatya
doSaata ASaa iSaXaNaacaI saur}vaata JaalaolaI Aaho. tyaataUna inamaa_Na
haotaahota, vaoTlaVnD maVnaojasa_, ga`asalaVnD maVnaojasa_, naOsaiga_kx
sauivaQaaMcaI kxaLjaI GaoNaaro AaiNa tyaa saudRZ zovaNaaro maVnaojasa_. yaa
saMrXaNa-saMvaQa_naasa caalanaa doNyaasaazI AaMtarraYT^Iya saMGaTnaa inamaa_Na
Jaalyaa Aahota. {da. vaoTlaVnDsa [MTrnaVSanala, valD_ kxaVnJavao_sana yauinaAna
vagaOro. Baartaanao yaa saMGaTnaaMcao sadsyatva Gaotalaolao Aaho, paNa tyaa
jyaa paÔtaIMcaa paurskxar kxrtaata, tyaaMsa Aapalyaa doSaacaa pa`itasaad fxarca
qaMD Aaho.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> taM~a&aanaanao
ivad`upa kxolaolaa inasaga_ paUva_vata kxrNyaacyaa kxaya_k`xmaalaa, inasaga_
maaofxta paurvaIta Asalaolyaa sauivaQaa paunar}jjaIivata kxrNyaalaa paaEcaatya
doSaata Aataa Aga`k`xma idlaa jaata Aaho. {dahrNaaqa_, Amaoirkoxnao Aapalyaa
doSaataIla 9000 QarNao inakxalaata kxaZlaI Aahota. maanavaacyaa bauÔImauLo
tyaalaa inasagaa_caa rXaNakxtaa_, paalanakxtaa_ ASaI BaUimakxa pa`apta JaalaI
Aaho. tyaasa Anausar}na iSaXaNapaÔtaI Asaola tar Aajacyaa AaiNa BaavaI ASaa
daonhI ipaZËaMcao kxlyaaNa saaQalao jaaNaar Aaho. iSaXaNaata AamaUlaaga` badla
hvaa Aaho taao Asaa!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: KF-Kiran; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">pa`kxaSa gaaoLo </span></div>
</div>
www.ecological-society.orghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03277606873549006844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7193000495744135887.post-57229686625037377562014-01-30T22:43:00.003-08:002014-01-30T22:43:56.683-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Climate change: An excellent opportunity to overhaul our
education system<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">I shall not discuss the reality or otherwise of climate change. I
have seen & experienced it in Ladakh in transhimalayas. This change, I
feel, offers us an excellent opportunity to completely overhaul our education
system, from primary to higher education levels. The present system fails to
promote ecological understanding, places unwarranted emphasis on technology and
promotes an economic system, which is completely at odds with the physical,
biological & cultural identity of our country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">The overhaul of the system should begin with a clear, realistic
understanding of what tropical conditions imply & explain
inter-relationships between climate, land & water, i.e. physical &
biological factors and how they affect livelihoods & culture. The emphasis
should be on a holistic approach & not compartmentalization of knowledge.
This should begin with primary level. Overall there should be greater emphasis
on field-work at all levels, less on memorization and examinations. Students
should understand what nature & natural resources are and how these are to
be preserved and sustained to generate and maintain a variety of livelihoods
& what kind of economic system is needed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">As far as technology is concerned, the clear understanding of the
ecology of technology is needed so that the right kind of technology is
promoted in India.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">The overhaul requires a new genre of personnel and a whole new
literature & text-books.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">I shall not discuss the reality or otherwise of climate change. I
have seen & experienced the effects of climate change in Ladakh in
Transhimalayas. Ladakh is a part of Tibetean plateau beyond the Himalayan range
& is almost bereft of rains as rain clouds cannot overreach the mighty
Himalayan range. Ladakh is desert, but a cold desert because of its altitude,
which is around 4000 meters on an average. Much of this cold desert has been
transformed into fresh water wetlands due to rapid melting of glaciers, a
result of climate change. Existence of such fresh water has brought about a
distinct change in flora & fauna. Xerophytic forms are replaced by
mesophytic and breeding populations of mammals and birds have increased
markedly, due to abundance of food. But these favourable conditions are
predicted to continue only for a short period. Melting glaciers are not being
replenished by fresh snowfall and a severe fresh water crunch may develop in
not too distant future.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">As patterns of temperature and rainfall change, such effects may
manifest in other regions also. Predictions of an uncertain and dark future
have made scientists and laymen aware of the importance of the environment in
our lives. ( Dash S.K. 2003). Environmental research has gained momentum and
environmental change is being extensively covered by the media. This is welcome
as the current educational system compartmentalizes the environment and the
resulting teaching hardly produces a holistic understanding of our environment.
The system of education, which was imposed by the British in the 19<sup>th</sup>
century, essentially remains the same with some and not fundamental changes
over the years. The principal aim of this system was to subvert the minds of
Indians as Lord Macualay infamously stated in his address to British Parliament
on 2<sup>nd</sup> February, 1835. He had said, “I have traveled across the
length and breadth of India and I have not seen even one person who is a
beggar, who is a thief, such wealth I have seen in this country, such high
moral values, people of such caliber, that I do not think we would ever conquer
this country, unless we break the very backbone of this nation, which is her
spiritual and cultural heritage, and therefore, I propose that we replace the
old and ancient education system, her culture, for if the Indians think that
all that is foreign and English is good and greater than their own, they will
loose their self-esteem, their native culture and they will become what we want
them, a truly dominated nation.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Since those times principles and practices developed in an alien
environment (e.g. that of Europe) continue to dominate our teaching even in
such an environment related subject as agriculture. Essentials of tropical
environment which basically influence our livelihoods and lives are not imbibed
by students. The education system is yet to treat India as biodiversity rich
land and it is this factor, which significantly influences the lives of the
majority.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">What we need to emphasize and teach is the change that modern man
has brought about in different biomes. The present system does not bring out
the chronic scarcity of water that a tropical environment always implies. The
results are fragile soils, transpiration losses and quick ageing of sites,
which means mineralization and production of dust. To avoid this we need
different cover types (i.e. different plant communities), cooling structures
which will protect soil and water losses. The adoption of technology and our
need of agriculture, industry, transport etc cannot be decoupled with our need
to protect the essentials of different biomes that our country has been endowed
with. Education then will have to provide an entirely different set of
prescriptions and policies than are being currently proposed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">The technological human being has brought about fundamental changes
in the distribution of not only plants and animals but also physical forms and
geographical features of the world (Simmons I.G. 1989). The processes of
deposition and erosion and consequent distribution of living forms have been
changed to the detriment of all except the upper class human beings. The
teaching must explain how such actions spurred by modern technology have
affected basic ecological services or life support systems, which were an
unmixed blessing to all living beings on this planet before the Industrial
Revolution (Dorst J. 1971). The necessity of maintaining and improving life
support systems such as:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 57.0pt; text-indent: -39.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Maintenance of the quality of
atmosphere<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 57.0pt; text-indent: -39.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Amelioration of the climate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 57.0pt; text-indent: -39.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Recycling nutrients<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 57.0pt; text-indent: -39.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"> Assimilation of waste<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 57.0pt; text-indent: -39.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">5)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Generation of soils and
maintenance of soil fertility<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 57.0pt; text-indent: -39.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">6)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pollination of plants including
crops<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 57.0pt; text-indent: -39.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">7)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Maintenance of the marine
eco-system and provision of sea food<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 57.0pt; text-indent: -39.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">8)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Operation of hydrological cycle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 57.0pt; text-indent: -39.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">9)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Maintenance of gene bank (Daily
G.C. 1997)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">All these eco-services have been affected by high and
intensive exploitation of nature and natural resources. Consequently energy
flows, nutrients cycling, biological productivity and environmental stability
have all been fundamentally modified by human beings leading to death and
extinction of many life forms (Simmons ibid).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Our education system must display a conscious awareness
of these problems and should be able to catalyze viable solutions. Only an
integrated approach will reveal that earth has tolerance limits and cannot
sustain continued exploitation and modification.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Understanding of earth tolerance
limits to expanded human activity can be promoted at local, regional and
national levels. At the local level it should mean sustaining such land forms
as hills and vales, slopes and floodplains and</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">natural resources such as
soil, forest, surface and underground natural water flows, shrub-land and
grassland and agriculture and artisanal raw materials. Students in the age
class 7 to 14 years can be taken out of the classroom to asses these and can
also be involved in actual conservation work & quality enhancement.
Understanding of these at regional and national levels should promote a
landscape approach in development planning. Such an approach not only takes
into account the conservation and quality enhancement of eco- systems &
eco- services inherent in a landscape, but also considers their inter-
relationships throughout the region & inter- regionally. For example, as
rivers imply a continuum from source region to sea, development of water resources
at a place or in a region is likely to adversely affect other places or
regions. A landscape approach works to avoid such irregularities and reduce
regional disparities (Foreman R.T.T. – 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Nature at local level is at best a resource while at
regional and national levels it is treated as a supply depot & a sink. Over
exploitation of resources such as forest, freshwater and marine fish and
pollution of atmosphere, soil & water may occur at any level and cannot be
curbed and managed without understanding the threshold values of different eco-
systems and eco- services. Any use beyond threshold will undermine the very
existence of these systems and services (Chopra K-2001). We are still far from
a real understanding of these thresholds. It is here that traditional practices
prove useful as they guard eco- systems against overuse, both as a supply depot
and as a sink. Modern education should not belittle the importance of
traditional knowledge especially in the field of nature & resource
conservation. In fragile environments where a small disturbance may cause an
avalanche of degradation, traditional knowledge seems as a beacon of light(
Jodha N.S- 1995).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">If conservation of nature & natural resources is
properly incorporated in the curriculum of primary & secondary schools, it
will form the basis of multiple livelihoods operating essentially at local
levels. Geography, history & science can be combined into a single subject
& their inter- relationships explained with emphasis on local variations. Such
interdisciplinary coverage may be called “Livelihood Science”. This can be
supplemented by training in artisanal practices & field work wherever
necessary. Such a move will stem the tide of dropouts, that vast resource of
manpower who had left education after the 10<sup>th</sup> or the 12<sup>th</sup>
standard. As they have little skills either in their hands or brains, they
remain unemployed and remain a ready target to be exploited by extremist
elements.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Such an overhaul will require fashioning of especial
educational tools; this requirement may further promote research in nature
& environment in all its forms. What is necessary is not pure environmental
research, but one which will probe also social and economic consequences of
each & every economic activity. (Gole P. 1996).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Change
may not immediately be necessary in the present mode of teaching languages
& mathematics, though proper valuation of nature’s services and natural
resource systems may have to be included as the economy responds to emerging
livelihoods based on nature (Pearce D. 1990).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">The real challenge is how to incorporate practical
outdoor work and field training in today’s highly class-room oriented
curriculum. Probably a complementary role can be assigned to rural & urban
schools. Rural schools can offer urban students approach in to eco- systems and
natural resources while urban schools can provide rural students gadgets and
equipments to carry out science experiments and audio- visual education. The
present pressure on students of completing tests and examinations &
carryout library based projects can be replaced by an imaginative exchange
programmes in which rural & urban students will experience something, which
they have not experienced before.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Today science & technology dominate graduate and
post-graduate education while languages and social sciences suffer from
inadequacy of students. Pure science offers opportunities to only a few
brighter students. All others have to satisfy themselves with whatever
technological input they can imbibe. Pure sciences attempt to increase our
understanding of the working of nature & natural systems while technology
tries to find out how these systems can be made to work more or less
exclusively for the benefit of human beings. It promises power, dominance over
nature and seemingly unlimited increase in material comforts for humans!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">But “the modern world, stamped as it is with the image
of the machine, must learn to look technology in the face & read its
essence soberly & without illusion”
(Juenger F.G. 1956”). The essence of technology is what I call the
ecology of technology. Every student must be given to understand the ecology of
technology, what in truth technology implies. Essentially it tries to redirect
natural flows of energy & materials towards human beings, to the exclusion
of all living forms. In human history the earliest and most vivid example of
this redirection is agriculture. The farmer decides that the flow of sun’s
energy falling on a piece of land, which is normally used by a number of plants
& animals, will be used exclusively by a single plant beneficial to human
beings. As competition from other plants is eliminated, the selected plant
(crop) reacts favourably & offers the farmer abundant yield. But this
abundance is also available to the natural enemy of the crop & the crop is
attacked by pests. Technology then always produces problems & side effects.
(Bayliss- Smith T.P. 1990). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">There are other sides of technology, which we tend to
ignore & never make them explicit to the student body. It has been well
said, “Technical progress covers the earth not alone with its machines &
workshops but also with junk & scrap ….. All technical knowledge is marked
by an impersonalism that necessarily results from the purely material facts
that it deals with.” Morconer, “even the smallest
mechanical process consumes more energy than it produces, how could the sum of
all these processes create abundance?…… It leads to an economy of deficit which
grows the more strikingly obvious, the more triumphantly the perfection of
technology progresses” (Juenger F.G. ibid).
The student must understand that the designer of a machine never gets
beyond the degree of efficiency described by Carnot’s cycle. This is assured by
the 2<sup>nd</sup> Law of Thermodynamics or the Principle of Entropy (Daly H
& Townsend K.N. 1993).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Why are all these facts ignored & never given weight
& importance that are their rightful due? It is probably because all
technological progress then merely becomes a pretence. Technology to progress
needs heavy subsidies from the government, from nature and from sections of
human society who are forced to give up their livelihoods! Recently
technological progress is possible only through contracting heavy debts!! Yet
the bias favouring technology is widespread & pervades especially the politicians,
economists & administrators who manage our so- called economic development.
The economy of deficit, which is the inevitable result of technological
progress is nowhere more evident than in India since 1990. (Alternative Survey
Group 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">As Prof Bhaduri said in his address to IUCCA, Pune, “Despite near
double digit growth for more than a decade and a half, available estimates
suggest that more than one third of the Indian population live in sub- human
poverty (a recent World Bank estimate puts nearly 42% as absolutely poor by
international standards), more than 75% of the population has a daily
purchasing power of less than Rs 20, nearly half of the children are under-
nourished, and many crippled by under- nourishment; anaemia is on the increase
among women, and food deprivation in the countryside has not
decreased-----According to Economic Survey of the Government of India
(2006-2007) total employment in the organized sector declined from 28.2 million
in 1977 to 26.4 million in 2004. One can add to this the declining employment
in the agriculture sector, the worsening of agricultural labour, even the
increase in the number of self-employed is nothing but discharged industrial
workers & those who cannot find any employment, “eking out living by selling
tinsel goods which means long hours of work, little earnings, lack of any
social security and protection cover of labour laws.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">
<span lang="EN-US">Technological progress has thus failed to reach the majority, has
failed to put varied skills in their hands and has therefore, failed to
generate a variety of livelihoods in Indian Society.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Technological progress has only propelled a deficit
economy depriving people of their earnings & work. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">What is the alternative? If the technology that is
currently taught in colleges & universities is harmful to the environment
& the economy & consequently to the people at large, it will have to be
phased out and replaced by one that is beneficial to most of our countrymen.
Alternatives like soft technology, appropriate technology, bioengineering,
restoration technology can be introduced (Chadwick M.J. & Goodman T. 1975).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Students must be given to understand very clearly what
the use of energy implies. In any process where energy is used, input is always
greater than the output & investment is normally greater than the value of
the product obtained. Use of fossil fuels is still the cheapest source of
energy, as nature has done most of the work to make this energy readily usable.
This is the reason why modern technology is based on fossil fuels. But their
known stocks are limited and the cost of discovering new stocks & making
them usable is enormous. If alternative sources of energy like solar, wind,
tide etc are used, input cost, i.e. investment in making solar cells &
panels, their ancillary equipment, installation & maintenance, is always
greater than the value of energy produced. For example, the making of a solar
cell requires energy (i.e. use of fossil fuels), which is greater than the
energy that the cell will produce during its entire life. Alternative energy
sources become viable only if the entire operation is heavily subsidized!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">The real alternative is to minimize the use of energy,
especially minimizing use of fossil fuels, so that this extremely cheap source
of energy will last another thousand years! Biomass development again offers
the cheapest alternative. We need to develop all types of plant biomass
(Urbanska K. et al 1997). Almost half the area of the country is degraded. All
this area can be restored by reviving appropriate cover types of indigenous
origin. To work this out Restoration Technology is available and is being used
extensively in developed countries. It is cheaper in terms of investment and is
labour intensive creating enormous opportunities for employment. For example, European countries have
taken up large projects to revert their rivers to their natural conditions
(Maurizi S. & Poilon F 1992). The classic example is of the river Thames in
England. In fact, U.K takes pride that they have cleaned up all their natural
flows. USA has a law, which lays down that there will be no net loss of any
water body, especially wetlands. There are representative bodies like the
Society for Ecological Restoration, Wetland Managers Inc etc. Similar
organizations exist in Europe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">There are unlimited opportunities for
creating alternative livelihoods & jobs in the use of such biomass related
technology (Ghotge N. 2004). Our educational institutes must make available
instruction in these fields. Restoration of Nature is the key concept here
(Gole P. 2007). Besides creating more jobs restoration will confer such
benefits as conservation of soil, quality enhancement of atmosphere & water
& revival of nature’s services. It will also provide biomass to fulfill
basic needs of fuel-wood, fibre & timber at moderate prices. Enhancement of
the quality of life will lessen the physical & mental stress, which is the
inevitable result of promoting technology & a deficit economy!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Do we have the courage & conviction to bring about a
radical change in our education system?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prakash Gole<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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www.ecological-society.orghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03277606873549006844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7193000495744135887.post-32598026999369443832011-02-07T02:39:00.000-08:002011-02-07T02:47:10.145-08:00Let us build Temples<div style="text-align: center; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size:180%;">LET US BUILD TEMPLES!</span><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Hats off to the technological man out to conquer the whole planet! Hats off to technology bent upon redirecting energy and material flows towards human beings!! What grander achievement can there be when we command and consume more than 40 p.c. of the total terrestrial biomass of the world? Let us push the proportion to 60 to overcome poverty and hunger! With genetically engineered foods and biotechnology, this is already within our reach. Why? Even creating Superman and Super races is not difficult. Let us enslave every living being on the earth and realize God's dream of giving birth to a Supreme Being that will ultimately rule the Universe! Or is it a Satan's dream?</span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Those of us who have such visions and confidence in our scientific ability, what do we call them? Scientists? Visionaries? or Doomsayers? They are not scientists for they hardly understand the basic laws of science. They are not visionaries for their over-riding ambition inflicts incalculable harm on non-human beings. They can well be doomsayers because their blind faith in technology is fetching them ever near the abyss of self-destruction!</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">How? Simply because ecological science tells us that humans can never totally separate themselves from principles and cyclical processes of nature. If they attempt to enslave others in their greed, they will destroy the very web of life and foundations on which their own survival depends. If technology attempts to perform natures' services, the costs will escalate so much that only a lucky few can afford them and that too will be possible only by enslaving fellow human beings.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">The supreme triumph of technology forebodes utter disaster, strife and violence among human societies!!</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Who is to blame? Technology or the use of technology by human beings? To make a telephone call is perfectly benign. But to tap the call may be sinister and illegal. Technology is power and power is likely to corrupt. With the help of machines and technology, we have produced a system which has forced the people forget all the good things in life. In the last over 300 years our training, culture and civilization have failed to produce a human being, morally sound, socially responsible and materially a conscientious consumer. Liberty, equality and fraternity are corrupted to lack of restraint, disequalising progress, and a disintegrating society.</span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Let us understand science correctly and not through the sunglasses of technology. Let us find out what science has to tell us about natural evolution: how a weak, diffuse energy source is utilised to create innumerable life-forms fabricating a web of life manifesting distributive justice, no human society has ever been able to match. A simple principle underlies this wonderful biodiversity. Species with high metabolism have large populations but short life cycles while species with low metabolism have small populations but longer life cycles. This has enabled species to look for and cultivate a variety of habitats containing a mind-boggling variety of niches. As habitat is the address and niche the profession of a species, evolution progresses through distribution of energy and resources towards diverse life-forms. Technology however, progresses through uniformity and mass production. It has no formulae to bring about distributive justice. The call of the saints: </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">"</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">सर्वे</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> s </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">त्र</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">सुखिनः</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">सन्तु</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">| </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">सर्वे</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">सन्तु</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">निरामयः</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> | </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">सर्वे</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">भद्राणि</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">पश्यन्तु</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">| </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">मा</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">कश्चित्</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">दु</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">:</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">ख</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">मानुयात</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">||” </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> is muted in the age of technology!</span> <br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">While the march of evolution is ordained by the basic laws of science, technology has marched by perverting these laws. It was able to do this because human beings evolved in tandem an economic system, a perfect hand-maiden to its powerful mistress! The collaboration between technology and economy has produced all the strife and stress that afflict human societies today.</span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Our economy is based on the assumption that consumer is sovereign and his/her free choice is always right. But the consumer is trained to obey and cultivate a technology bent upon redirecting flows of energy and resources to human beings by denying them to non-human beings and nature. Technology confers power that nurtures greed and avarice among consumers and flaws their choice. To redirect flows of energy and resources, technology has to convert resources by using energy. Each conversion brings about losses of energy and creation of waste matter, the latter increasing entropy in nature. Like evolution technology cannot use sun's diffuse energy at ambient temperature. It has to use energy of fossil fuels. The economy has to invest large sums in exploring, extracting and processing the fossils before energy is produced. Any loss of energy in conversion means a negative return on investment made to facilitate use of fossil fuels. If these losses are internalised in the cost of production, the cost becomes higher than the value of the product. If the social and environmental costs of the entropy are internalized, cost escalates so much as to make all manufacturing impossible to continue! The system is a contradiction in itself!!</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">In such a scenario profits can never be possible. Then how are colossal profits made by individuals, companies and the corporate sector? In the past developed nations made profits by acquiring political control over raw materials from their colonies and importing cheap labour and even using slave labour. Profits were made by denying adequate wages to labour and prices to raw materials. Costs of entropy were never internalized causing immense pollution. These devices are still used to amass profits today. India cannot have colonies so in the name of development, we are exploiting our own resources keeping down their prices. As labour cannot be exploited easily, industry and commerce have to depend increasingly on government subsidies which take various forms. The amount of subsidies to industry, commerce and modern agriculture runs into thousands of crores. These really are concealed profits sanctioned by the government in the name of employment and economic growth. The expenditure on subsidies also means less expenditure on health, education and denial of support to necessities of life on which the survival of the poor depends. Government support to industry and modern agriculture ultimately results in production of goods needed by the rich while production of necessities of life goes a-begging.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">The gap between the rich and the poor becomes wider and wider in such an economy.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Who is to blame? I squarely blame the wrong use of technology by us. Most of us are ecologically illiterate simply because the importance of this subject is utterly unknown to our educational system. No one is aware of the ecology of technology. Priority should be given to technology that strengthens our natural resource base. Natural resources are the foundation of our life, especially of that of the rural population which still forms more than 60 p.c. of our people. City people too must understand that cities are primarily supported by natural resources. If they degrade we have to depend on imports, of food, water, timber and many other products. Total dependence on imports will make the cost of living in the city exhorbitant. Today we are simply directing more and more resources to the cities without providing anything for their maintenance, revival and enhancement of quality and quantity. Restoration of natural resources is today's primary need. Unfortunately very few people are aware of the significance, techniques and how to involve rural India in this vital job. Everyone including rural people is taught to believe that technology is a perfect substitute to nature. Nature can be safely ignored, because it is technology that is going to provide everything to human beings. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">This is not only wrong but it is extremely costly too! Ecologically speaking indiscriminate use of technology is destroying many natural linkages that go to make our atmosphere, the quantity and quality of our water, the quality of our soil, the waste assimilating capacity in nature, the work of pollinating insects that enrich our crops and horticulture, and lastly maintenance of biodiversity, a wonderful reservoir for our future needs of food, medicine and raw materials. Moreover, this indiscriminate use is destroying not only the wherewithals of our own life those of our children and grandchildren too!!</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">These linkages are the arteries of our life support systems. Nature provides us life support free of cost. But when these arteries are harmed technology has no alternative but to try providing these wherewithals of life. Technological services based as they are on costly energy, are expensive and cause pollution too. Technologically produced drinking water is almost as costly as milk. Insecticides is a terribly costly substitute for natural pest control. Biotechnology is many times costlier than biodiversity.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Our experiments in restoration and revival of nature around Pune have demonstrated their cost effectiveness in comparison to technological and engineering solutions. Moreover they tend to establish natural linkages which confer on them the quality of sustainability and obviate the need to spend on repair and care of restored systems. It is the vital need of our country that we start restoring our soil, restore our streams and water-courses, restore vegetation on hill-tops and hill slopes, along stream banks and in-stream habitats, revive wetlands and wastelands and lands that are degraded and industrially made derelict, saline and water-logged lands, deciduous and evergreen forests, savanna and grasslands and littoral and seashore areas. Restoration techniques for all these are available. One only has to understand and practise them. These can be combined with our traditional wisdom to involve villages and communities.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">In a former era, Jawaharlal Nehru had called our irrigation and power dams as temples of newly-independent India. That era is long past. The new temples of India, if I may venture to say so, are our Restoration Projects, though they are as yet too few. Let us build these temples all over India to make our lives materially and spiritually richer. Let all the NGOs gathered here build such a temple, start a restoration project in their area to make the foundations of our country strong and bring prosperity to all those millions who have been denied fruits of development so far. Let us unite to restore the glories of Mother India.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Prakash Gole. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span>www.ecological-society.orghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03277606873549006844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7193000495744135887.post-83365928529115790662011-02-07T02:26:00.000-08:002011-02-07T02:27:53.944-08:00THE NEW WATER VISION<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >THE NEW WATER VISION</span><br /></div><br />The 3 pillars of the water vision for the next century are: Adequacy, Equity and Purity.<br /><br />These pillars can only be supported if their foundation is Ecology and not Technology.<br /><br />Sustainability in every aspect of life can only be achieved if basic ecological processes – the life supporting systems – on the earth are kept viable and functioning. Biodiversity is the outward manifestation of basic ecological processes. This has been recognized by all leading scientists of the world and has been enunciated in many international declarations.<br />The present mindset of the bureaucrats and technocrats only emphasizes preventive actions and not curative ones. It lacks true understanding of ecological processes. It thus piously believes that viability of ecological processes will be ensured if environmental safeguards dictated by the concerned Ministry and by pollution abatement laws are guaranteed . Unfortunately in the present water management system even these minimum things are not carried out. The mindset is you can safely ignore peoples’ health, welfare and quality of life<br /><br />Let us therefore, see what positive things can be incorporated in the Water Vision to ensure the viability of basic ecological processes and life supporting systems.<br /><br />Of paramount importance are the Sources of Water: Springs, Streams, Rivers and the Underground Water Table. It is necessary to understand their ecology to keep them functioning. A river basin should be divided into 3 zones 1) The Conservation Zone 2) The Storage Zone and 3) The Utilization Zone.<br /><br />The first covers the source region where the stream flows through a wild landscape of steep gradient , the second where the stream coalesce to form a large flow and the third where it forms a floodplain and meanders towards the sea .<br /><br />Measures that can be suggested to protect basic ecological processes and biodiversity are:<br /><br />The Conservation Zone: The accent here should be on restoration and maintenance natural habitats. At least 10 percent area of each catchment should be reserved for natural regeneration ( no plantation) Forests , bank vegetation, in-stream habitats , shallow pools , rock crevices , rapids , eddy formations etc. should be restored and maintained . These measures will rejuvenate mountain springs, control erosion and ensure adequate flows to the next zone.<br />Man’s activities should be constant with conservation goals : No shifting cultivation , stall-feeding of domestic animals , nurseries of a variety of indigenous cultivars and seedlings , agroforestry , horticulture that is not energy intensive , tourism that does not indulge in overuse of resources .<br /><br />Reservoirs which submerge some part of this zone should be well managed through bank protection, protection to tributary streams and their habitats and catchment area development consistent with conservation goals.<br />These measures will ensure gains in biodiversity as this zone is breeding ground of many wild animals, birds and fish. Viability of indigenous genetic stock will thus be ensured.<br />Some work in this direction has been carried out in the catchment areas of some dams in Maharashtra.<br />At present catchment area in hills are mostly neglected. The drinking water needs of hill residents can be met by excavating ponds on rejuvenated streams and keeping them inviolate. Some wise communities have demonstrated this simple measure in the hills of Maharashtra.<br />The Storage Zone: The goal should be to service the minimum water needs of far-flung areas at low costs.<br />Many storages have already been built in this zone. The accent in future should be on more equitable distribution of water. The objective of reaching to far-flung areas can be more economically achieved by keeping the area’s streams flowing and their in-stream and bank habitats healthy. If conservation zone is managed well, it will ensure adequate flows in streams which in turn will recharge the hyporheic zone helping the underground water table. This will be far more economical than building fresh storages. Livelihood security is ensured by lowering costs all around, not by enhancing output at high costs.<br /><br />As agriculture becomes more important from this zone, it is necessary to say something about agriculture that is viable in the tropics. In a tropical country with fragile soils, the Green revolution Technology with high inputs of water, fertilizers and insecticides is not appropriate. It is costly and efforts to maximize output through this method have been successful over a limited land area and that too at great cost. The resulting prices are not affordable to the common man. The method to increase output should be cost effective and resources saving. Our country has thousands of mini-catchments with their own micro-climates. We have cultivars suited to these micro-climates. If we revive them, they will provide for basic necessities of local communities and indeed be free from insecticide poisons! Moreover the low cost will make them affordable. This will also obviate the necessity of keeping centralized stocks and transporting them over great distances.<br /><br />We need an inexpensive water delivery system for this zone, which can only be provided by flowing streams providing adequate spring flow for wells. Water intensive crops need not be prescribed here. This strategy will conserve our biodiversity of crops and genetic resources directly useful to man. The streams will have to be kept free from sewage and other waste dumping. Keeping land reserved for waste disposal in each village should form an integral part of water management. This disposal should be kept as decentralized as possible so as not to generate large flows.<br /><br />Dam sites in this zone are ideal sites to conserve biodiversity. Each dam site can be used to restore indigenous forest, indigenous and endemic varieties of medicinal plants and can be a demonstration site where wetland creation, stream bank management can be demonstrated. Such experiments have been carried out at some dam sites in Maharashtra.<br /><br />The Utilization Zone: This zone will have great concentrations of human population and their activities such as agriculture, business and industry.<br />Surface flows through canals in this zone are wasteful and harmful to the quality of water. Delivery of water should be through pipes. In this extremely stressed zone, river basins also call for careful, coordinated management. River banks should be kept free of encroachments and lined with buffer zones and greenways. Base flow in rivers has to be ensured by controlling lift irrigation. For disposal of waste, retention and detention basins should be provided to settle heavy and particulate matter and filter many other debris. Bank, in-stream vegetation and habitats should be maintained to avoid excessive eutrophication.<br /><br />Reservoirs in this zone call for intensive, imaginative and multiple-use management. If properly managed they will greatly contribute to biodiversity conservation and be points of aesthetic interest. Experiments in this direction have been carried out on certain reservoirs in Maharashtra.<br /><br />All these measures are labor intensive and have great employment potential. Moreover they will strengthen the natural base of economic development, lower the costs of satisfying basic needs and check inflation. The focus should be to restore nature and satisfy basic needs at very low costs from the restored abundance of nature. Once this is achieved, surplus can remain in the hands of many to satisfy intermediate wants for which the market caters. It will ensure adequate demand for manufactured goods. Otherwise even with high growth rate deflation will result due to lack of demand as is happening in China. The high cost water management today has increased prices all around, accentuated income disparities and made necessities costlier. The present mindset needs to be changed to ensure a low cost equitable water management.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">PRAKASH GOLE</span>www.ecological-society.orghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03277606873549006844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7193000495744135887.post-26014307227675848962011-02-07T02:25:00.000-08:002011-02-07T02:36:44.750-08:00ENGINEERING, ECONOMICS AND ECOLOGY<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">ENGINEERING, ECONOMICS AND ECOLOGY</span></span><br /></div><br /> The 3 Es, Engineering, Economics and Ecology should be the basis of human life. But are they really ? Indeed the first 2 Es definitely form the basis of modern life. Without engineering and technology modern life cannot be conceived. Also human beings are taken to be rational, objective. Self interest governs their actions and attitudes. Objectivity, not sentiments, is essential for the advancement of science. Economics therefore, which assumes rational human behaviour based on self-interest, rules human behaviour and social relations. <br /><br /> The third E, Ecology, however, lacks recognition. It seems invisible, is neither immediately felt nor readily identified. The general consensus is, Ecology is something extraneous, can either be totally dispensed with or replaced by technology. Human beings are or can become capable of producing every arrangement that nature has taken millions of years to produce through evolution. In India we already have a role model in sage Vishwamitra who threatened to produce exactly a parallel world.<br /> <br /> The first 2 Es are therefore, considered enough for the survival and welfare of people, rational human beings technologically adequately equipped. Let as now analyse what the first 2 Es imply. Human beings started using engineering and technology ever since they used a stick to grab a fruit from a tree or to dig roots and tubers. But the real use of technology began when people started harnessing energy first fire, then fossil fuels like coal and peat, then hydro-electricity, oil and atomic energy. Technology essentially involves transformation of matter by using energy. As everyone knows matter and energy are governed by laws of thermodynamics. The first law states that matter and energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Energy is used not consumed. Energy is high grade when it is in a form with high availability to do applied work. All natural and technological physical processes proceed in such a way that the availability of energy involved, decreases. What is consumed when we use energy, then, is not energy itself but its availability to do useful work.<br /><br /> The 2nd law of thermodynamics tells us that it is impossible to recycle energy and that eventually all energy will be converted into waste heat. Also it is impossible to recycle materials with 100% completeness. Some material is irrevocably lost in each cycle. If matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed, what does the economic process do? Matter and energy enter the economic process in a state of low entropy and comes out of it in a state of high entropy.<br /><br /> Any living organism fights the entropic degradation of its own material structure. Man’s economic activity may transform a high entropy copper ore into a low entropy copper sheet but this lowering of entropy is more than compensated by increase in the entropy of the surroundings. In entropy terms the cost of any biological or economic enterprise is always greater than the product. In entropy terms any such activity necessarily results in a deficit.<br /><br /><br /> The transformation of matter by energy, which is the essence of technology therefore, involves costs - costs in terms of lost quantities of matter as 100% transformation is impossible and costs in terms of energy passing into a state of unavailability; also these two things involve creation of waste leading to entropy of surroundings - a local cost in terms of pollution and garbage. Now if all these costs are taken into account, the cost of production of any commodity, where energy other than solar energy, is used, is higher than its value. Increase in production means increased costs. This is how the first E is intertwined with the second E. <br /><br /> The economic effort is actually a dual effort. It aims at producing a surplus by keeping down costs. In nature however, surplus is produced without apparent costs by plants using solar energy. The use of solar energy through solar energy apparently considerably slows down the operation of the laws of thermodynamics. In photosynthesis food is synthesised for plants for their survival needs and additional food is produced for the survival needs of other organisms. Very little solar energy is passed out as waste heat and almost no waste is produced to increase the entropy of surroundings.<br /><br /> What evolution has produced is a closed system. Matter is recycled and energy is radiated without producing waste. Entropy in the surroundings is mainly through accidental happenings, sudden, natural events such as exceptional floods, fire, lightning, earthquakes, meteoric hits, droughts or failure of rain. Evolution continues its work of remediation and rehabilitation resulting in reduced entropy. <br /><br /> In such a system as costs are low so is the surplus. In a mature forest the net productivity is zero. Whatever is produced is consumed and/or recycled. Surplus is small and cannot be stored for a long time. All animals living in the forest are tuned to utilise this small surplus whenever it is available. The small amount of this surplus controls their populations and keeps them in balance with food supply. Ecology thus puts limits on the creation and maintenance of this surplus and controls population growth. Human beings can only increase the food supply and consequently human population by negating controls prescribed by ecology.<br /><br /> The relationship between the three Es can be explained as follows: Engineering and technology aim at increasing the amount of the surplus and make it as long lasting as possible; Economics prescribed and regulated the distribution of the surplus in such a way as to facilitate advances in technology and Ecology defines the limits to the creation of this surplus and awakens in human beings a desire to desist from the possible disastrous consequences of man’s actions in increasing the surplus.<br /><br /> Surplus is only produced by negating the influence of ecology. Agriculture is the earliest human effort to produce a surplus. Essentially agriculture means a mono-culture contrary to poly-cultural arrangements existing in nature. The ecological control on agriculture is expressed in terms of pests that try to destroy crops. In promoting agricultural surplus people are still trying to overcome these controls either by using chemical weapons or by following rather than opposing ecological principles, as in organic farming. The gross amount of surplus increased enormously when people started using machines run on various forms of energy such as coal, oil and electricity.<br /><br />Ecological controls were not immediately apparent as they appeared as social costs. As emissions and effluents were freely discharged in the atmosphere or rivers, the pollution so caused was borne by the society as a whole. Private costs were kept low through monopoly on raw material sources, low wages, child labour and captive markets. Natural wealth of colonies in Asia and Africa was freely exploited and manufactured goods sold in those countries. The scale of production came to be increased enormously through the application of technology realizing the economies of scale. The post Second World War boom resulted in over-exploitation, indeed ruthless exploitation of resources, especially non-renewable resources. The result was rapid depletion of accessible stocks and rise in social costs such as pollution and waste. The industrial society of USA was described by Prof. Galbraith as producing private affluence and public squalor. With the growth in the scale of production, ecological controls came to be felt as waste and pollution increased by leaps and bounds. This was the time (in the seventies of the last century) when environtalism had its birth. It was an attempt by a few to make the majority aware of ecological controls and pay heed to them.<br /><br /> Industrialism which was the result of great advances in technology during the second world war, though global in character, may spawn its own anti-climax. One may even ask will it dig its own grave? At present industrialism, whose social incarnation is capitalism, is basking in its own triumph which resulted from the almost total annihilation of communism. But to make the surplus larger and more permanent, it must constantly search for cheaper and more accessible sources of raw material and energy and improve technology so as to reduce social costs, the so-called externalities, which costs have to be internalised due to pressures from the environmental lobby and legislation. This constant need to reduce costs (as scale is increased) results from the operation of laws of thermodynamics. Large-scale transformation of matter through the use of energy produces large-scale entropy, i.e. waste and pollution.<br /><br /> The need for reduction of costs calls for greater investments in raw materials, energy and improvements in technology. This calls for capital accumulation through savings which are made by concentrating wealth in ever fewer hands and if governments make the investments, by depriving the majority of many necessities of life like good education, health, sanitation, fuel, fodder and shelter. In less developed nations it also involves destruction of natural capital on which the livelihood of many depends. Indeed the number of people in slums is a measure of the destruction of natural capital and the number of people in upper and middle classes is a measure of the population that can be supported by man-made capital! The need to reduce costs deprives people from having adequate purchasing power to make a living possible as creation of man-made capital has increased costs all round. Shrinkage of purchasing power leads to failure of demand which periodically plagues capitalism. One must realize the direct connection between poverty amelioration and existence of natural capital. The greater the amount of natural capital the less will be the poverty and the greater the amount of man-made capital the greater will be the poverty!<br /> <br />Deprivation of adequate purchasing power for the majority and greater inequity in distribution of income make a mockery of all the ideals that a free, capitalistic society is supposed to have!<br /><br /> In reality ecological controls are becoming manifest through these two forces. The so-called developed countries are trying to thwart them through improvements in technology and greater access to available energy and resources. Technology requires great investment which becomes readily available during a war effort. One wonders whether it is in the interests of advanced technological nations to fan the fire of wars so that they can justify to their people greater investments in technology which always come at the expense of peoples’ welfare.<br /><br /> The tragedy is that the less developed countries are trying to follow the same model, i.e. larger scales of production, greater and ruthless exploitation of natural resources, higher entropy of surroundings, greater inequality of incomes and lack of purchasing power for the majority. Higher investments in technology and production are possible by denying a majority of people education, health, sanitation, fuel, fodder, shelter and clothing. The apparent prosperity and wealth that is seen in certain pockets, in rural and urban areas is due to mining and liquidation of stocks of natural resources : air, water, soil, forest and marine wealth. The figures speak for themselves. Almost 50 % of the land area lies in various degrees of degradation; most of the rivers lack fresh water flows and are actually sewers; natural forest cover smaller area each year though plantation monoculture has increased; there are 86 threatened mammals in India as against 76 in China though in land area China is far larger than our country; there are 1236 threatened plant species in India as against only 312 in China. It looks ecological controls are being negated by deliberately destroying ecology, the very foundation of our life. All people are not unaware of the impending crisis. There are efforts and movements to counter centralisation of power, to make the production of surplus more people-oriented, use soft technologies and restore degraded eco-systems. Watershed development, eco-system approaches and restoration are being used to promote environmental awareness and ecological rehabilitation. <br /><br /> All these may prove mere palliatives and not cures. A much more holistic approach is required. Only then will the promotion of greed inherent in the present system because of periodic failure of demand, be replaced by saner and judicious management of resources and markets. There should be a conscious effort to recognise ecological needs and to allocate adequate resources for them. In effect we must recognise the importance of and the necessity to bring back the operation of ecological controls. This is essential to control the greed of a few and satisfy the needs of many. The imperatives to achieve this are:<br /><br />1. Decentralisation of planning : local resources used to satisfy local needs. Watershed development, the present local developmental effort, should not only aim at increasing the surplus but satisfying the basic needs of all. Basic needs include besides food, clean air, potable water, health and sanitation, adequate education, fuel, fodder, timber and other biomass etc. To provide these it is necessary to keep these resources in good shape ; i.e. restoration and qualitative improvement of atmosphere, water(stream), soil, vegetation etc. in other words to allocate resources for eco-system functioning. Agricultural production should be planned and market at village level. Though land remains individually owned, its utilization, i.e. crop pattern, water use should be planned by the village as a whole.<br /><br />2. Landscape approach in planning : planning of the use of resources based on geographic and geomorphic features, soil and lie of the land, climate and vegetation. The aim should be welfare individuals in a particular landscape. Thus agriculture need not be taken into account.<br /><br />3. Avoid settlement and other “brown uses” on agriculturally good soil.<br /><br />4. Restoration of degraded eco-systems, especially compensatory restoration to be made compulsory to all major and medium projects; the focus has to be on restoration of natural capital.<br /><br />5. Rejuvenation and revival of local and indigenous varieties of crops, fruit, fibres, domestic animals breeds and their marketing on a village or a group of village basis. The idea is to develop specialities at local level and to that extent free villages from the middlemen. Also to encourage service and processing of produce at the village level.<br /><br />6. The basic idea is to restrict the scale of production in such a way as to provide minimum resources for the production of intermediate goods. Such abstinence and restriction of ostentatious and orgiastic consumption can be possible with universal, correctly designed, holistic education. It should emphasize inter-relationships between various disciplines and should not erect unbreachable walls between them. Ecological research will have to be the foundation of this system. Technology has to change its direction and content. Soft technology seems to be essential for providing welfare to all sundry. Technology should facilitate rather than obstruct and replace the essential ecological services and processes. Replacement is costly and will have side effects.<br /><br />The welfare of the individual should be the prime concern and not of the economic system. In all fields and areas, today’s policies seem to favour the market and the economic system and not the individual. Dreams of a strong and powerful India can be realised not by augmenting the GNP or by increasing the growth rate from 3 to 13% but by making individual citizens educated, enlightened, responsible, work conscious, healthy and happy.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Prakash Gole </span></span>www.ecological-society.orghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03277606873549006844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7193000495744135887.post-60801414665412747212011-02-07T02:19:00.000-08:002011-02-07T02:21:21.465-08:00WHY “NO” TO TECHNOLOGY-BASED DEVELOPMENT?<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:georgia;" >WHY “NO” TO TECHNOLOGY-BASED DEVELOPMENT?</span></span><br /></div><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;">Many critics accuse environmentalists of opposing economic development wholesale. But this is not so. Environmentalists oppose development which involves large-scale displacement of people, or severe pollution which affects the health of many or large-scale destruction of nature and of traditional livelihoods of thousands!</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;">Unfortunately today’s technology-based development inevitably gives rise to all the above problems. Why is this so? Let me explain.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;">Science can be divided into pure science and applied science which is basically technology. Research in pure science is mostly restricted to astronomy or space science, quantum physics and ecology ( how life survives on this planet). It is applied science or technology which has made modern life possible on this planet. But what in essence is technology? It is redirecting sun’s energy towards things that benefit Man only. That is why we feel happy when new inventions increase our amenities and comforts. But it creates imbalances or entropy in nature which we generally designate as pollution.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;">Moreover, it essentially violates basic laws of physics. Technology on large-scale has only become possible since the discovery of fossil fuels, i.e. coal and oil. These are the cheapest sources of energy on this planet simply because Nature has done the work of concentration of energy over millions of years. We only have to extract these from the earth. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;">When energy is applied to convert matter, the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics tells us, entropy increases. This means more energy and matter are wasted than are converted into useful product. More energy comes out as heat and more matter comes out as waste than are incorporated in the product. In economic terms it involves loss. That is why all modern industry is interested in getting energy, labour, raw materials, land etc. as cheaply as possible. In historical times technological advances were possible only when western nations established political control over nations and people and made them provide resources, labour, energy etc. at almost no cost. They also completely ignored technology created imbalances in nature.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;">Today all this is not possible for a country like India. Today’s technology-based development therefore, is based on grants or subsidies from the govt. Govt. finances research in technology, it makes land and power available at concessional rates, offers tax exemptions, promotes export through subsidies etc. One must clearly understand that technology-based development is impossible without such help.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;">It creates imbalances in nature and even in our economy. I may recommend everyone to go through two excellent reports prepared by India’s leading economists. Their titles are: Disequalizing Growth and The Decline of the Welfare State. In them the economists have clearly shown that poverty and inequality of income have greatly increased in India since 1990 i.e. when the present prime minister liberalized the economy and imported technology.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;">There are many instances of the use of wrong technology or even dangerous technology promoted by the govt. The latest is the invitation to a French company to install atomic power plants on the Konkan coast. The incipient technology has not yet been successfully tested, has yet to become operational. When Finland adopted it, it created insuperable problems even in its installation. Yet our govt. wants our people to accept it without protest! Such is the pressure of multinationals and western powers who want bolster their economies by exporting technologies that they cannot use in their own lands.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;">Be assured that technology-based development will never create mass employment as it wants to minimize labour costs to reduce overall cost of production. It may create employment in fields which give rise to high and ostentatious consumption.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;">The alternative development path is nature based development, i.e. enhancement of our natural resources. Unfortunately there are no facilities in India to train people in this field.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;">In the present circumstances therefore, social inequalities, social strife, economic disparities and destruction of natural resources in India are likely to continue!</span><br /><br /><br /><span style=";font-family:georgia;font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Prakash Gole</span></span>www.ecological-society.orghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03277606873549006844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7193000495744135887.post-47303347059051883302011-02-07T02:17:00.000-08:002011-02-07T02:18:11.374-08:00The Technological Man<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">The Technological Man</span></span><br /></div><br />This is the age of Science & Technology. We all know how they have improved our lives & we are always looking forward to miracles they are expected to achieve tomorrow or day after. The computer and the mobile phone are the symbols of modern life. Biotechnology is expected to give us the power to control all other life forms for our benefit & provide us with all the wherewithals of life including food, fibre & medicine.<br />But have we ever stopped to ask the question what really are science & technology? What do they involve? Why is it that what they do appear as miracles to us? Let us try to answer these questions.<br /><br />Science tries to unravel the secrets and mysteries of the universe, and enriches our knowledge of the physical & biological world. Technology is the practical manifestation of science. By applying Principles of Science, it provides us newer & newer means & tools to mould & bend the physical & biological world for the benefit of human beings. It caters to our wants & desires, increases our command over resources, thereby saving labour & providing more comforts to human beings. Therefore, it is technology that everyone is enamoured with.<br /><br />How technology achieves this? that is, how it gives us greater command and control over resources? It does this by diverting & making available exclusively to human beings the natural flows of energy and materials evolved on this planet. What are these natural flows of energy and materials?<br /><br />Everyone knows that energy flows to us from the Sun. Seventy percent of the energy that strikes the surface of the earth warms the planet, contributes to the movements of winds & sea water & generates the hydrological cycle. A small part of the Sun’s energy is converted by plants through photosynthesis into food on which all living beings including humans depend. Sun’s energy thus flows from plants to insects & higher animals ( herbivores & carnivores) and enables them to survive, grow, mature & carry out various movements & work. Energy is again used by decomposers to break down plant & animal waste & release nutrients stored in them so that they can be recycled in the system. Materials are then brought back into the system continuing the flows. Energy concentrated in the plants is converted over geological time into coal & oil which we increasingly use as fuels.<br /><br />Nature therefore, is a wonderful system & an organization whose working depends on these flows of energy & matter. This system has evolved certain processes which ensure continuity of life on this planet. They are: the hydrological cycle which gives us rain & fresh water, the atmospheric balance which ensures a continuous supply of oxygen, the work of decomposers, which assimilates waste & assures the continuation of flows, the making & supply of soil which enables plants to survive & diversify & a pool of genetic resources embodied in various life forms whose survival and multiplication depends on these processes & who become an integral part of Nature’s organization.<br /><br />Technology tinkers & interferes with this system so that more energy & materials are available to human beings. Less energy & materials are then available to other life forms, plants and animals of every hue, thereby affecting their lives & populations. They are deprived because the total flows of energy & matter on this planet are given; these can neither be created nor destroyed as laws of physics inform us.<br /><br />The principal technologies through which Man interferes with energy & material flows are agriculture & industry, i.e. use of machines. Energy available to a variety of plants is diverted to a single plant by agriculture. The plant then provides ample food to human beings by taking away energy from other plants. More & more lands for agriculture means less plant variety, change in landscape, in soil chemistry, in insect & animal life, more erosion, sediment flows & creation of bare areas. If rivers & streams are used to provide irrigation to agriculture ( through dams & canals ) and power to industry, energy incorporated in rivers & streams which provides wherewithals to a number of riverine plants, animals, fish etc. is diverted to ensure survival of a few plants. The change in river flows affects the life in river basins, percolation & evaporation rates, ground water, the moisture holding capacity of soil and encourages water- logging, salinity & breeding of mosquitoes.<br /><br />More & more use of machines leads to greater extraction of materials, cratering & gulleying the landscape, creating huge piles of waste, encouraging leaching of minerals & materials, emissions of heat & gases, effluents & chemicals polluting atmosphere, water, soil, & affecting vegetation and animal life.<br /><br />The question before technological man is: in the pursuit of technology & benefits derived from its use, how far the changes described above should be allowed to proceed? These changes in energy flows & materials affect nature’s system & processes which are essential for our survival also. Should we, for our short term benefits, kill the goose that lays the golden egg? Much depends on the question how far the technology be allowed to proceed? The future of you and me, our children and grand children depends on how we handle technology today. Put your conscience to test & answer this question to the best of your abilities!<br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Prakash Gole</span></span>www.ecological-society.orghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03277606873549006844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7193000495744135887.post-67983803606407501832011-02-07T01:44:00.000-08:002011-02-07T01:51:51.511-08:00Atomic Energy – At What Cost?<div style="text-align: center; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Atomic Energy – At What Cost?</span></span><br /></div><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">“Atomic energy? Yes! But at what cost!! This question is being posed to powers that be by a number of poor and middle class families who reside on the picturesque Konkan region of India’s western seaboard. For their livelihood – farming & fishing & raising fruit orchards – their health & future are being threatened by the up and coming atomic power plants being located in the coastal area.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> The people are stoutly resisting the government acquisition of their lands for installing power plants. They have even refused to accept cheques proffered by the government as compensation to acquire their lands. The government, pressurized as it is by some multinationals and the powerful atomic energy lobby, seem adamant. It appears the government wants to replace local productivity and sustainable livelihood by expensive technological innovations based on imports which, moreover, benefit not the local people but outsiders, mainly urban areas danger, industries and chemical farming spread throughout India.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> The government even frowns upon the security argument that coastal atomic power stations may prove easy targets for enemy missiles and if destroyed, entire populations may fall victim to atomic radiation! This danger is amply demonstrated by the recent entry and attacks on the west coast by terrorists! The coastal system presents an integrated profile. It consists of elevated lateritic plateaus with their characteristic vegetation, slope forests, farming and fruit orchards and coastline with mangroves,, mudflats, scattered rocks and sands. The local people so far have formed an integral part of this picture simply because their traditional practices involve sustainable use of resources. Here again government interventions, though well meant, ultimately resulted in over exploitation. The government provided subsidy and easy loans to fishermen to buy mechanized trawlers. Government even provided cold storages at almost no cost. The result was a boom in fishing, entry of multinationals, leading to severe depletion of fish stocks on the otherwise very productive shallow marine areas adjoining the coast. Of late lateritic plateaus are much in the news. To the common man they provide immense visual delight when at the end of monsoon, they are embellished by a variety of herbaceous flowers with attractive colours. Kaas, a plateau on the crestline of Western Ghats, overlooking Konkan, has been attracting hordes of visitors from Mumbai and Pune. Jaitapur and Madban plateaus in the Konkan are slowly gaining popularity as sites as much endowed with wild flowers, as is Kaas.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Researchers have studied their herbaceous flora and have demonstrated that some of the plants are rare and endangered and need protection. Some are highly endemic and have heritage value. In fact when a World Conservation Union team of experts visited India, they were invited to examine Kaas and researchers put up a strong case before them to include Kaas in the world heritage list. The experts agreed after their site visit and after going through the evidence gathered by the researchers. Jaitapur and Madban are in line for the inclusion. Their biodiversity value transcends all other values. But huge windmills generating power have already destroyed parts of the plateaus. To the local people they are equally valuable as the source of perennial water supply. During the rains cracks and fissures in the laterite catch rain water which seeps through to bottom layers and remain a source of water for springs and underground seepage which moisturizes farm soil and replenishes wells.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Recent research has demonstrated that these herbs tolerate extreme climatic conditions and lack of soil and survive even through the driest summers. They are therefore, called desiccation tolerant. Scientists are hoping to find among them some of agricultural and horticultural values. These can then be introduced in regions where extreme dry seasons and vagaries of monsoon make farming very dicey.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> People do not want to lose all these valuable resources for atomic power plants</span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">whose benefits may prove to be severely negative. One may then ask why the government is so insistent about atomic energy development in the face of opposition by local people and even by experts in the field?</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Pioneers in this field included such renowned physicists as Dr. S.N. Bose, Dr. C.V. Raman,</span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Jagdishchandra Bose & Dr. Saha. They were for dissemination of atomic physics through</span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">universities and research institutes. But the 1948 Atomic Energy Act made the development of atomic energy the exclusive responsibility of the government. Atomic Energy Commission was organized by the government under the chairmanship of Dr. Homi Bhaba.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> The main argument against atomic power is its high cost. The capital cost of a thermal power plant is slightly over 30 million rupees per megawatt and for the atomic power plant it is around 110 million. The per unit cost therefore of these two types is `2.37 and `5 respectively. All atomic power plants in India are beset with the problem of uranium supply. As the supply is inadequate, the plants work up to only 50% of their installed capacity. Import of uranium and of fossil fuel to convert it into fissionable material is the only option for the government. It seems the government is bent upon adopting this high cost road to power development. In 2002-03 atomic power was given a budget allocation of over 33 billion rupees while development of non-traditional sources of power such as solar, wind etc. received only about `4 billion. In spite of this step-motherly treatment in 2005 the non-traditional sources achieved an installed</span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">capacity of 4800 megawatts against 3310 megawatts of atomic power.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> It seems experts including officials of the Atomic Energy Commission heavily discount hazards posed by atomic radiation. Already over 300 radiation incidents have been documented, most of them involving workers in atomic energy plants and residents of villages and towns in their vicinity. Physical deformities and high incidence of cancer are common among them. According to Dr. Helen Caldicott, an atomic expert of international repute, India’s atomic energy programme is the least efficient in the world and is highly pollutive exposing hundreds of workers to dangerous radiation.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> But sanity, wisdom and even sound economics fail before the interplay of international politics. It looks countries like France & USA are putting pressure on the GOI for they want to sell to India technology which they can no longer use in their countries. Government of India now proposes to hand over the installation of Jaitapur atomic energy plants to a French Company called AREWA. They would install reactors called EPR ( European Pressure Cooled Reactor ) which is still in an experimental stage and has not been successfully installed and operated anywhere. In fact in Finland the installation of these reactors has not been successful. In U S A the Atomic Energy Commission has not given permission to operationalize this technology. Yet the Government of India proposes to invest over 50,000 crores of rupees in this dubious technology. Now a counter pressure from international conservation and peace keeping</span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">organizations is necessary to fight the one put up by certain countries and multinationals.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> We appeal to them to write to the GOI protesting strongly against their decision to go</span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">ahead building atomic power plants. Is it extravagant to hope that these will come</span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">forward in support of Indian people?</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: georgia;">Prakash Gole</span>www.ecological-society.orghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03277606873549006844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7193000495744135887.post-583955545815739102011-02-07T01:41:00.000-08:002011-02-07T01:43:51.621-08:00Ethics and Ecology<div style="text-align: center; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ethics & Ecology</span></span><br /><br /></div><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Ethics is a set of principles about right & wrong & how human beings should behave. Ecology is about inter- relationships – between living organisms (both plants & animals) and between biological & physical entities. The still unresolved issue seems to be how these two can be reconciled – probably in the interests of the future of mankind & the future of all the non- human beings.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> The dichotomy between right & wrong began to be significant when the needs & efforts of human beings proliferated. The ethical question was probably absent or insignificant when the predominant theme and effort of human life was survival, as in the hunting gathering stage. It began to be more & more significant as one abandoned nomadic life style, became settled with the spread of agriculture which induced a sense of individual and / or communal property. </span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">The surplus food that agriculture created tuned the communities into a human society with diverse skills & professions and a hierarchy of classes based on wealth & power or their lack & gave rise to different cultures which reflected aspirations, beliefs & motivations. Environment probably played a crucial role in shaping these. In the comparatively benign environment of the tropics flowered cultures which professed human life in tune with nature & its ecological compulsions. Human beings were never considered to be superior to nature. The cosmos & the nature were considered to be so vast & complex that they would always remain beyond human comprehension. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> On the other hand cultures that survived in a comparatively harsh environment considered nature to be subservient to human beings and a resource to be conquered & exploited. As Lynn White Jr. says, “Christianity, in absolute contrast to ancient paganism and Asia’s religions (except perhaps Zorostrianism), not only established a dualism of man and nature but also insisted that it is god’s will that man exploit nature for his proper ends”; and further. “To a Christian a tree can be no more than a physical fact. The whole concept of the sacred grove is alien to Christianity and the ethics of the west.” (Lynn White Jr. The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis published in The Environmental Ethics and Policy Book: Ed. D. Vade Veer & C. Pierce, 2003, Thomson Wadsworth, USA).</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">But it was not until the Industrial Revolution when the west effected a union between science and technology, a marriage of theoretical and empirical approaches to nature, that knowledge came to be considered as technological power over nature. By the 19th Century conquest of nature became a normal pattern of action (Ibid). </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Almost simultaneously, that is in 1873, this new pattern of action gave rise to the concept of ecology. As the study of the plant & animal kingdoms progressed, the western thinkers became increasingly aware of the necessity of preserving these in the interest of human survival and so arose the need to question the notion of human rights ( & later duties) towards the --- human world. An investigation began in the origins of right & wrong in humans & other animals. People began to discuss whether the animals have rights, whether trees have a moral standing & how the present generation should use nature & resources so as to ensure a decent standard of living for future generations. The constant rise in consumption & pollution triggered a movement that questioned the very basis of religious dogma and culminated into a Land Ethic and Deep Ecology.</span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Manual G. Valasquez examines the pros & cons of Ecological Ethics in his essay ‘Ecological Ethics’. The discussion is especially in relation to business & industrial practices & policies as these affect ecological systems. He examines the views of several authors who have contributed to the development of Deep Ecology by advocating that every animal & plant has an intrinsic value & needs to be treated with respect; that non- human parts of the environment deserve to be protected for their own sake whether they benefit humans or not & that business & industry should recognize the inter- relationships & interdependence of ecological systems in which they operate.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> In the end however, he concludes that all these thoughts & actions emanating from them are still controversial. Authors who think otherwise argue that “why the fact that something is alive implies that it should be alive & that we therefore, have a duty to keep it alive or to express respect or reverence for it …. and that whether” We can claim that animal have rights or intrinsic value”.</span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> What seems to be absent from thoughts of the authors quoted in the article, is the existence of predator- prey relationships in eco- systems. Humans today are the apex predator. Their consumption needs engulf almost the whole plant & animal world. The question then is how far should we stretch our consumption needs? Ecology recognizes thresholds for every natural systems beyond which a predator cannot & should not destroy prey species. Are we going to heed this scientific fact & Herold Laskis’ maxim that liberty is a system or restraints? Or should we go ahead destroying everything in the belief that technology will always find a substitute for everything?</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> The question of animal rights probably does not attain as cutting as an edge in the eastern cultures as it does in the west. Meat- eating is not such a compulsion in the tropics as it is in the temperate latitudes. In the east ecological knowledge is still a curiosity & has not led to awareness creation among the masses. Plants, animals & ecology are more a matter of neglect than of serious concern scientific, philosophical or otherwise. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> The other relevant issue, that of pollution prevention has a wider audience both in the west & in the east than that of animal rights. This is because it directly affects business & industry’s profit- making & accumulation of wealth. The issue is whether companies should bear the responsibility of creating & maintaining an environment conducive to the welfare of people in the neighbourhood. The court case between Mackline Mining Co and official pollution prevention authority & environmentalists very well illustrates the issue of corporate environmental responsibility. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> The law requires that the industries should use the best available technology to prevent pollutants entering atmosphere, water & soil. The company was accused of polluting a creek & destroying its fish & wildlife through the discharge of its effluents. The company then built a settling pond & there was some improvement in the water quality. Later the pond began to leak pollutants resulting in the water quality deterioration in the creek. The company pleaded that difficult market conditions had lowered its profits & it found it difficult to maintain the pond. If any penalties were to be imposed the company would have to close down resulting in loss of employment to locals.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Whether the penalty was imposed and the company has to close down is not known. But the case very well illustrates the arguments & difficulties faced in enforcing the “Polluter Pays Principle”. The “Precautionary Principle” states that any profit- making project should not be undertaken if the consequent pollution is difficult to prevent. In reality both these principles are rarely accepted due probably to the influence of English Common Law which gives priority to enterprise & asks pollutee to compensate the polluter if the former wants the enterprise to close down for introducing pollutants! In the modern world profit- making is still the “right” thing & not the preservation of the environment!!</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> The deeper question here is whether the right to a livable environment should or should not be considered a basic human right. William T Blackstone examines this problem in his article Ethics & Ecology. He considers rationality & freedom essential to develop capacities in human beings; that quality of life in a society is dependent on the availability of education, housing, medical & legal care etc. But finds that a livable environment though recognized as a human right is hardly enforceable legally. ( In India however, the apex court has upheld this right in recent cases). Given man’s great ability to manipulate the environment, it is necessary that new institutions & regulative agencies need to be established to make sure that manipulation is in the public interest. The state must prevent abuse & waste of environmental resources. By themselves private businesses are hardly agreeable to provide solutions to multiple environmental problems that they themselves create. Competition implies production at lowest possible cost. The calculation of GNP does not allow for the destruction of the environment. The uncontrolled growth culture basically encourages artificial needs detrimental to the quality of life.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> If the ecological attitude is to challenge this reality, reconsideration of a host of current values is unavoidable. This reconsideration will undoubtedly affect the present institutions of private property & enterprise. Resources cannot be considered free or capable of unbridled exploitation. </span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">In response to these problems there is now talk of a new economy, of natural capitalism and of a restoration economy. These recognize that a great many things have value & use which have no economic value & use. It is accepted that we should go in for soft technology as hard technology is responsible for most of the problems.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> All this boils down to the ecological wisdom that everything on this planet is finite & perishable.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Unfettered rights & unbridled freedom are just not enduring & sustainable. Today’s reality vindicates therefore, the eastern ideals of restraint & abstinence; that the happiness is the highest when needs are controlled! Human rights imply not only responsibilities but also ecological wisdom!! The inter-relationship between ethics & ecology is therefore, enduring & irreplaceable. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: georgia;">Prakash Gole</span>www.ecological-society.orghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03277606873549006844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7193000495744135887.post-31050455220646321382011-02-07T01:35:00.000-08:002011-02-07T01:40:09.110-08:00Climate Change & India<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> 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</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} table.MsoTableGrid {mso-style-name:"Table Grid"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-unhide:no; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--><div style="text-align: center; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size:180%;">Climate Change & India<br /></span></div><br /><div style="text-align: center; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size:130%;">It is well said, “If climate change is the problem, biodiversity is the answer”.</span><br /></div><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Indian scientists are already forecasting that monsoon in India will be weakened if global temperature rises. At present the global average CO20 c, if the total Green House Gases concentration is 385 ppm. It is predicted that global temperature will rise by 2 (GHG) concentration goes up to 445 ppm. Global warming will affect growth rate of plants, many of them will go extinct and distribution of species & their reproduction will be affected. This will directly affect India’s poor. People who are directly dependent on forests are estimated to be more than six crores. For many rural poor wild plants provide 14 to 42 percent of their income.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Quality of life of people, especially those living in rural areas is therefore, greatly dependent on the quality of natural resources in the country.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">It is alarming to note that over the last 50 years, the quality of natural resources in India has been degrading rapidly. The Noble prize winner Mr. Pachauri & his team have estimated the loss in billions of rupees due to degradation of natural resources. Here are the figures</span><br /><br /><table class="MsoTableGrid" style="margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: georgia;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 237.7pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="317"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" >Problem</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 225pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;" valign="top" width="300"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" >Annual economic value (Rs billion)</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 237.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="317"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" >Preventing adverse effects of poor quality of drinking water on human health</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 225pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="300"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" >122</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 237.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="317"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" >Loss of crop productivity due to degradation of soil </span></p> </td> <td style="width: 225pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="300"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" >89 - 322</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 237.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="317"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" >Loss of wood due to degradation of forests</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 225pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="300"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" >57</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 237.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="317"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" >Adverse effects on human health due to polluted air</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 225pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="300"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" >885 - 4250</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">The loss must be continuing as little evidence is there for corrective measures on a large scale. As the opening statement says, climate change will deeply affect India as we have already lost the protective cover of biodiversity.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">I am not going to enter into the controversy whether human activities contribute to global warming in a major way or not. It is far more important to discuss what measures should be taken to avoid losses due to climate change. Such measures include policy changes at the centre and state levels, corrective actions to be taken by various government departments and agencies & NGO level actions based on peoples’ participation.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">I shall speak mainly, on research & action programmes with which our Ecological Society is directly concerned. A nation wide move is currently going on to collect basic information on Biodiversity in the form of Peoples’ Biodiversity Registers. It is necessary that these registers are brought under Intellectual Property Rights so that individuals & communities who hold this information can get some material benefit.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Before discussing action programmes let me first take you to regions with which I am associated over several years & where effects of climate change are strikingly evident. The first such area is Ladakh, the northern most region of India.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Ladakh was known to be a cold desert with average altitude above 11000 ft or 3500 meters. Climate change has led to melting of glaciers flooding the sand filled valleys with water & turning them green.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">This has benefited wildlife in general as food has become plentiful & reproduction is easier. Breeding pairs of the rare Black necked Crane (Grus nigricollis) were hard to find in 1990s as freshwater marshes where they breed were widely scattered. There were in all 5 or 6 breeding pairs in entire Ladakh. Now there are 30 pairs in 2007 as freshwater marshes can be met everywhere due to glacier melt. Animals like Bharal & Urial have increased in numbers too & could be easily seen by the roadside. But knowledgeable people predict that these conditions may not last long & the reverse process of drying up will begin soon.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Coastal areas of Maharashtra are also witnessing changes in sea level. The famous Jaki Mirya beach near Ratnagiri now lies submerged as the sea has invaded over it. Since 2000 the coastal biodiversity of plant & animals has been rapidly declining. There is a horrendous decline in fish catch & large size; deep water fish have become rare. Already in 1998 some 24 species of fish had become scarce & were rarely recorded in fish catch.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Government efforts to create awareness of the situation among fishermen rarely succeed as the government fails to provide alternative occupations that will generate income for fishermen.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Initiatives & programmes to fight not only climate change but also ill effects of the present process of economic development are conspicuous by their absence. How can we reverse the ill effects of both? What could be the nature of such programmes? Some pointers in this direction can be gauged from the work Ecological Society has been doing over the last 26 years.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">But before I delve into the nature of such programmes let me remind you of some simple truths which we seem to have forgotten in recent years because of the overwhelming influence of technology on our minds. The first simple truth is healthy nature i.e. natural ecosystems with their regenerative & absorptive capacities unaffected & high quality natural resources are the foundation of economic progress. The second one is in a tropical country like India, decentralization is far better than centralization. It accounts for microclimates & peculiar local biodiversity and the third seems to be technology should be consistent with ecology.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">You will immediately realize that our educational system, our occupational strategies and our top-down developmental planning deride these three basic propositions.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Our educational system seems to be hardly aware of the importance of micro-climates of different livelihoods that these generate & of the importance of local conditions & other genetic variants of plants & livestock. All this leads to neglect of local natural resources & biodiversity, their degradation & students are made to believe that technology alone generates livelihoods & that too primarily in cities. The urban sprawl therefore, continues.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Our occupational strategies & development planning shows their excessive dependence on modern technology. Our administrators and politicians seem to be totally unaware of eco-processes & basic life support systems which are provided by nature free of cost. These are: self cleaning of atmosphere and fresh water, natural development of soil, biodiversity or gene bank, assimilation & waste absorptive capacity of nature, the self- generating marine wealth etc.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">When a person enjoys these services free of cost, his/ her cost of living decreases remarkably. For example, if agriculture is supported by an adequate area of forest, a farmer’s input cost comes down & soil improvement & availability of water enhances productivity.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Modern technology, in its efforts to divert more & more Sun’s energy towards human beings, first destroys these eco-processes & then tries to technologically restore them which increase the costs tremendously. In order to enhance per capita consumption of food & water, agriculture is standardized through green revolution techniques, and fresh water flows are disrupted by building dams. Both these lead to unprecedented quality losses in soil & water. These are then sought to be corrected by application of inorganic fertilizers and chemical treatment of polluted water. Both are extremely expensive.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Overall impact of economic development based on technology is unbelievable degradation of natural eco-systems & eco-processes & consequent steep rise in the cost of living.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Our efforts now should be directed towards understanding the ecology of natural eco-systems, & eco-processes & restoration of degraded nature in all its forms. Ecological Society has been working in these two related fields for the last 26 years.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">If our technology is to be consistent with ecology, we need a complete overhaul of our educational system. We must aim at a holistic view of life & not compartmentalization of knowledge into different subjects. Social Sciences such as Sociology & Economics need to be combined with physical sciences such as geography & general science to clarify the role of human beings in a natural setting. With this goal in view we are working with urban & rural school students, making them aware of the importance of micro-climates & local natural resources. We have also devised a post-graduate holistic course in management with special emphasis on restoration & sustainable management of natural resources & eco-systems.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">The importance & potential of restoration of nature are hardly understood in India at the administrative & political level. Our efforts to restore nature have been more appreciated abroad than in India. Restoration of nature is basically labour intensive & has a potential to create millions of jobs. Again it will create natural assets for the nation & will be directly beneficial to India’s poor. The great potential of restoration of nature in eradicating poverty is hardly realized in India.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">I may indicate here certain areas where restoration is urgently necessary. Restoration of soil quality & fresh water will benefit almost everyone. Basic truth seems to be that our mountains & hills are the sources of both. Many of our dams & reservoirs are located not far away from the source regions of rivers. Ecological Society has produced a plan to revive the ecology of the source region and catchment area of a dam which supplies drinking water to Pune, irrigation to farming in downstream areas. It has actually carried out a project to restore the ecology of hill slopes and other economic benefits to local people.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Areas around dams generally present a picture of desolation as soil; stone & rubble have been removed together with destruction of plant life. Such stone quarry areas have been restored to wetlands & indigenous forest yielding significant gains in biodiversity.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">We have hundreds of reservoirs all over Maharashtra but there is hardly any attempt to manage them for multiple benefits. Our project on the reservoir of Ujani dam was a pioneering project in reservoir restoration. If such projects are carried out, local biodiversity will get a welcome boost.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">We have extensive dry & drought prone areas in Maharashtra where farming in risky. The best way to revive productivity & ecology of these areas is to promote grassland development. Our restoration of grassland project located in Phaltan (District Satara) tehsil aims at quality enhancement of grasslands.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Restoration of streams & rivers in rural & urban areas is another dire necessity. Our river front development projects in urban areas & Niraml Ganaga Abhiyan in rural areas have quality enhancement of water as their main objective.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">If educational reform & restoration of nature go hand in hand the benefits in terms of biodiversity & eco-processes regeneration & employment & income generation are immense. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: georgia;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" > </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: georgia;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Prakash Gole</span></span></p>www.ecological-society.orghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03277606873549006844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7193000495744135887.post-90261607794540994862011-02-07T01:22:00.000-08:002011-02-07T01:30:18.547-08:00How Do I Understand Biodiversity?<span style="font-weight: bold;">How Do I Understand Biodiversity?</span><br /><br /> India covers about 2 per cent of the land area of the world but possesses more than 8 percent of world’s biodiversity. This biodiversity is not evenly distributed in India. It is more concentrated in Western Ghats & in the north- eastern states such as Arunachal Pradesh & Assam. These areas are therefore, called “Biodiversity Hotspots.” Andaman & Nicobar Islands also have remarkable biodiversity.<br /><br /> Indian biodiversity is characterized by high endemism. It means a number of species have limited ranges, being confined to particular areas only & not found anywhere else in the world. Such species obviously have high conservation value, should receive highest priority in any conservation programme as their loss implies that the world heritage becomes so much the poorer.<br /><br /> But why should we care to protect and conserve biodiversity, many people would ask. The simplest answer to this question is this: the variety of species provides a gigantic gene bank which becomes an unlimited source of food & fibre, medicines, antibiotics & pesticides and raw materials for different industries, small & large scale. Wild genes are much stronger in resisting diseases & can impart this strength to domesticated plants such as crops to make them pest resistant. Forest food is an important supplement in the diet of many communities in India. Wild plants can also be an additional source of energy as Pongamia ( Karanj ) and Jetropha have shown.<br /><br /> If biodiversity is so useful, how do we account for it? Do we know how many plants and animals are immediately useful to human beings, how many are likely to be useful in future and how many are not directly useful? To account for each & every species of plants from lichens to trees and of animals from bacteria to larger animals like whales and elephants, is a mind-boggling task. No nation has achieved this feat so far. We have initiated an effort to document biodiversity as much as possible by preparing biodiversity registers for the countryside & for urban areas. But it is feared that a lot of biodiversity is going to be lost by the time we complete this task!<br /><br /> Why is this so? For biodiversity is not only the number & variety of species & sub- species of plants & animals, higher & lower, but also includes the variety of habitats & niches available in a particular area. Habitat is the address & niche is the profession of each species. It is extremely difficult to separate out & count each & every habitat & niche as they are connected to each other & to larger divisions like biomes in a maze of linkages. Our ecological knowledge is not adequate to understand all these linkages. In our precipitate haste to industrialize & urbanize, we may be unintentionally destroying a number of habitats & niches. The collapse of linkages must be having a devastating impact on biodiversity!<br /><br /> This way we are destroying forever not only the gene bank but also the verybasis of ecological knowledge & understanding.<br /><br /> The reasoning so far makes clear that biodiversity knowledge is not enumeration of species & sub species only. We must also try to understand what habitats & niches species & sub- species represent? The wonderful diversity of attractive flowers that adorns many a lateritic plateau & open area in Western Ghats, during monsoons, is a case in point. These areas are “open” because of unrestricted grazing & trampling by our domestic animals & cutting of wood by human beings. The character of biodiversity on these plateaus when they were not “open” must be quite different from what it is today. If we enclose this area & protect it from grazing & cutting, the present diversity of attractive flowers is likely to be replaced by some other set of plants. Which is important for us? The attractive flowers which is an expression of nature’s reaction to a variety of impacts? Or the more sedate variety of plants which emerges when these impacts are<br />removed?<br /><br /> Cast in this mould, the question of biodiversity enumeration & conservation appears to be quite an intricate one. We must understand that biodiversity is nothing but an expression of certain physical conditions. In a country like India, which boasts of human settlements dating back to thousands of years, human beings have been constantly modifying these conditions. Biodiversity must have been modifying too. In the name of preserving certain apparently “natural” areas, we have evolved a system of protected areas like sanctuaries & national parks. Yet they are not completely immune from human interference. It means that the biodiversity that these areas manifest must have been modified over the years. A study in Germany has shown that 65 % of biodiversity is found outside protected areas. It is likely that this biodiversity is the result of human modification of habitats & in a sense “man- made diversity, while the 35 % which remains within protected areas are an expression of physical conditions which existed some years ago.<br /><br /> The significance of biodiversity then seems to depend on decisions made by human beings in a particular country or nation. People must decide how much area they would continue to modify & how much they would leave to relapse into physical conditions that existed in the past. As such biodiversity is quite a dynamic concept. Enumeration of biodiversity cannot be once for all. Each time we enumerate or document we must put a date on it. We should repeat this exercise every 5 or 10 years. In fact we should have a census of biodiversity every 5 or 10 years, as we census human beings. If we can describe & quantify physical conditions of the area, each time we enumerate, we may begin understanding the linkages between biodiversity & physical conditions. An NGO from Pune enumerated the biodiversity of Metropolitan Area at the turn of century. In some cases as in birds, they were able to establish the change in the character of biodiversity as some older records were available. If they repeat the exercise, and also record modifications in physical conditions, linkages between these two can be established with much more certainty. Indeed if somehow the scale of human impact can be quantified, the character of biodiversity can be related to the scale of human impact. This is directly useful in restoration & conservation of biodiversity.<br /><br /> Together with physical conditions, biodiversity also helps to define the character of nature’s services. If in an area atmosphere, soil and water are polluted, nature’s services such as providing atmospheric balance, soil formation & self- cleansing ability of flowing water, will be affected. The existing biodiversity will be an indicator of such disturbed conditions. The linkage between the degree of disturbance & the character of biodiversity can thus be established.<br /><br /> If the restored area is monitored annually we will understand how physical conditions & biodiversity begin to “relapse” to conditions that existed before they were modified by human beings.<br /><br /> Some people have differentiated between the “natural” & “domesticated” biodiversity. In the above sense, it is extremely difficult to locate & define natural & pristine biodiversity. The better differentiation would be between biodiversity that is only indirectly useful to human beings and has more or less intrinsic value and biodiversity which is directly useful & is associated with them.<br /><br /> How then do I understand biodiversity? I feel biodiversity is one of the components of Nature. If we single it out, accord it greater value, try to glorify it, we obtain a distorted view of nature. Biodiversity should be cast in its proper perspective: the time scale, physical conditions & most important, the character & intensity of human impact.<br /><br /> If conservation of biodiversity through protection & elimination of human impact, is planned, one must accept that it will mean a kind of relapse into conditions that existed sometime in the past. If biodiversity is to be taken care of in a human milieu, we must minimize human impact in certain natural processes such as the drainage pattern, the balance of erosion & deposition and stepping stones & corridors for the movement of life forms.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Prakash Gole</span>www.ecological-society.orghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03277606873549006844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7193000495744135887.post-60665449065265681242011-02-07T01:18:00.000-08:002011-02-07T01:19:45.413-08:00Riddle of Energy Part 3<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> 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</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">ECOLOGICAL MACRO ASPECTS OF ENERGY</span></u> </b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b>PART III – POST MODERN LIFE-STYLE (SUSTAINABLE ENJOYMENT)</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style=""> </span></b></p> <p style="text-align: right;" class="MsoNormal"><b><span style=""></span>Girish Abhyankar<span style=""></span></b><span style=""></span><br /></p><p style="text-align: right;" class="MsoNormal">girish.abhyankar@gmail.</p><p style="text-align: right;" class="MsoNormal">Phone: +91 9860547471<b> </b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">INTRODUCTION <span style=""> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Using solar radiation energy plant kingdom synthesises carbon dioxide, water and salts into biomass, the only source of low entropy energy for the animal kingdom on earth. Animal kingdom uses free biomass energy and enjoys! Micro-organisms completely decompose biomass back to carbon dioxide, water and salts by chemical processes and render reusable to plant kingdom. Synthesis-decomposition cycle is sustainable if the overall rates, the biomass creation and the waste disposal, are generally matched. Animal kingdom, including human society, has only role of enjoying free services – free energy and free disposal of debris. (Then why am I slogging?) </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">I and many others could not be socially engineered to accept concepts of enjoyment set in the industrial world. We can not enjoy work load of employment (loss of freedom) and insecurity (loss of peace of mind) caused by using energy technology excessively (industrialisation). We want <b style="">net</b> security, comfort and enjoyment from the use of external energy and so we develop post-modern life styles. These life styles are based on the scientific knowledge of energy usage: capabilities and limitations - soft technologies -, natural services and local ecosystems. These life styles are specific to geographical area, community and individuals. They are practicable any time, today and compulsorily in post industrial era.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="EN-GB">SOFT TECHNOLOGY</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Soft technology is a technology that creates very few new problems and most of them can be left to nature for recovery without accumulating harmful effects on the ecology. Soft technology, thus, ensures <b style="">net</b> security, comfort and enjoyment by matching the rate of problem creation and the rate of its natural solution/disposal. <span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Soft technology </span></b><span style="" lang="EN-GB">applications depend on user’s requirements, life style ideas, resources, social commitments and surrounding conditions. Hence, there cannot be standardisation.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Soft technology developments are individualistic and situational. If many models are developed, and they are developing, choice is easier. I present below my model. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Factors for my soft technology applications</span></b></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Total energy input making the equipments, maintaining and running them<b style="">:</b> low</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Energy input based on coal and crude oil as original source<b style="">:</b> minimum</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Energy input based on local biomass<b style="">:</b> preferred</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Self generated energy use<b style="">:</b> equivalent to my daily exercise necessary for fitness</span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>(No drudgery, no toiling)</span></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Technology: simple, based on local skills and material (Ridiculed <b style="">DOMBAL</b><span style=""> or <b>Dombal</b>achi life-style</span><b style=""> </b><span style="">but the acronym represents the underlying principle and the spirit.</span> <u>D</u>irect and <u>O</u>bvious <u>M</u>ethods <u>B</u>ased <u>A</u>pplications for <u>L</u>iving/<u>L</u>eisure).</span><span style="" lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Self generated energy</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">I list my capabilities and limitations so that I can design my working environment for effective throughput (similar to work study or industrial engineering practices but with focus on self) and minimum inconvenience. <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></span><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">My capabilities and limitations on every day working basis are: </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">(Self weight 60 kg, BMI between 20 and 25, age 15 to 45 years). </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">I can easily and comfortably </span></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Make natural, non-straining body movements such as walking and climbing.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Use hands for tensile load and legs for compressive load.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Carry load on shoulders up to 20 kg (one third of self weight).</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Work 180 kJ per day on every day working basis (3 kJ per kg of self weight)</span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">(180 kJ is equivalent to climbing 300 m or 1700 steps of a 30 storey building. Limited by food intake, digestion efficiency and Carnot cycle efficiency: 3.7 %.) </span></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Work 600 kJ maximum (40 km walk/50 km cycling using stored energy).</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Work at rated power output of 60 W (as many watts as self weight in kg) and deliver 10 times the rated power output (up to 600 W) momentary.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Work at limb movements in tune with my normal pulse rate that is when rate of work done by muscle cells and energy supply to them are matched. </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Work in standing position for shorter duration and work sitting on chair/stool for longer duration. (Sitting on ground necessitates lifting self weight consuming my 600 J energy every time I get up).</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Work with 50% duty cycle (equal periods of work and rest).</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Work in ventilated environment around 25<sup>0 </sup>C ambient temperature<sup> </sup>and 50 % RH.</span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">I can not and I am not for</span></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Impact load delivery.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">High speed operation.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Carrying heavy load on head.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Often bending and holding.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Working in direct IR radiation (hot sun).</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Cumbersome, repetitive work requiring attention for long periods.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Working under supervision.</span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Information in brackets is for reference. Capabilities are down rated with age and health.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="EN-GB">I have developed few soft technologies for </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Domestic water management, Cooking on any available biomass, Cleaning,</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Protection from IR radiation (hot sun) when working in open, Heavy load management.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Also reviving/modifying existing soft technologies to suit my capabilities and limitations.</span></p>www.ecological-society.orghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03277606873549006844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7193000495744135887.post-48352032495687174682011-02-07T01:09:00.000-08:002011-02-07T01:17:44.043-08:00Riddle of Energy Part 2<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> 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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14pt;">ECOLOGICAL MACRO ASPECTS OF ENERGY</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span lang="EN-IN">PART II – <span style="text-transform: uppercase;">Convenience VERSuS</span> ENERGY<span style="text-transform: uppercase;"> efficiency </span></span></b><span style="text-transform: uppercase;" lang="EN-IN"></span></p><b><span lang="EN-IN"><span style=""> <br /></span></span></b><p style="text-align: right;" class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-IN"><span style=""></span>Girish Abhyankar<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: right;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span lang="EN-IN">girish.abhyankar@gmail.</span></p><p style="text-align: right;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN">Phone: +91 9860547471</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-IN"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-IN">PREVIEW<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">We are the only one in animal kingdom using external energy (energy besides food generated energy) through medium of equipments – hardware and software – to derive following conveniences. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">1) Security - shelters and storages, </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">2) Comfort - tools and machines,<span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">3) Equipment aided enjoyment - toys and communication gadgetry.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Constructing, making tools, machines, and equipments </span><span style="" lang="EN-GB">is a process of decreasing entropy. A lot of low entropy energy is necessary in deriving the above mentioned conveniences for constructing/making, maintaining and running of structures and equipments. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Building shelter for security is beneficial only if low entropy embodied energy in stones and biomass is used and not beneficial when high entropy sand and mud is used because <span style=""> </span>then, more energy is spent building shelters than the body energy consumed living without a shelter. Energy required in cooking food (10000 kJ per person per day) is more than the energy necessary digesting the uncooked food. (Total food intake itself is only 8000 kJ per day). Eating cooked food is beneficial only if heat by burning low entropy chemical energy in biomass is used and not beneficial when heat is generated by high entropy frictional energy or solar IR radiation.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Net convenience is possible only if the external energy resource is of low entropy. <span style=""> </span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Technology is the art and science of using external energy </span></b><span style="" lang="EN-GB">and its role is limited to changing the form of the problem, to one, better in respect of human capabilities of using external (low entropy) energy. Technology changes problem of “protection from the environment” to a problem of “building shelter”, a problem that can be addressed better than facing the environment. Similarly, the problem of “cooking food” is better than digesting the uncooked food. Converting a problem into another, better addressable problem, and also reducing effort (labour) due to external energy inputs, is the comfort. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Since accessing external energy and constructing/making, maintaining and running of structures and equipments requires energy, low input energy for the same benefit or higher efficiency is necessary for achieving convenience.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Net convenience is possible only if the external energy is put to use very efficiently.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Overall </span><span lang="EN-IN">energy efficiency of</span><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> direct </span><span lang="EN-IN">and simple methods is better than that of complex methods because input energy in complex methods is high. Complex methods are<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>adopted for perceived short term convenience - saving on labour at that time but net convenience is not achieved. <span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span lang="EN-IN">More convenience means lower efficiency resulting in lower net convenience defeating the very purpose of using external energy by technology.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Few examples from recent past:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> 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justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="height: 23.85pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 23.85pt;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-IN">Direct and simple method - efficient</span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; height: 23.85pt;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-IN">Indirect, Complex<span style=""> </span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-IN">method - inefficient </span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; height: 23.85pt;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-IN"><span style=""> </span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-IN">Considering energy inputs to…</span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 11.9pt;"> <td style="border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 11.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN">Food gathering</span></p> </td> <td style="border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 11.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN">Farming</span></p> </td> <td style="border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 11.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN">Operations in farming</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 24.5pt;"> <td style="border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 24.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN">Self </span><span style="" lang="EN-GB">labour</span><span lang="EN-IN"> with appropriate tools</span></p> </td> <td style="border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 24.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN">Animal </span><span style="" lang="EN-GB">labour †</span></p> </td> <td style="border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 24.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN">Tame/breed; train and maintain animals</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 23.85pt;"> <td style="border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 23.85pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN">Grain grinding by stoned hand wheel <span style=""> </span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 23.85pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN">Wind mill operated grain grinder</span></p> </td> <td style="border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 23.85pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN">Make, install and maintain the wind mill</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 40pt;"> <td style="border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 40pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN">Walking # </span></p> </td> <td style="border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 40pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN">Bicycle*</span></p> </td> <td style="border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 40pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN">Make and maintain bicycle and the path and carry weight of the bicycle <span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN"> </span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">† Animal energy is for the animal’s own survival and reproduction and not for the master’s energy needs. 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mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">* Animals have no wheels. # walking on 4 legs requires less energy than walking on two.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-IN">Sources of external energy</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Solar, wind and geothermal energy are high entropy sources. They can be used efficiently as free natural services only in the direction of increasing entropy<b style="">:</b> drying/germicide, separation of light and heavy particles, cooling by ventilation and local hot water usages. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Local biomass is a low entropy energy source when used as embodied energy making equipments. Low entropy coal and crude oil is used as heat source for thermal processing, warming and illumination. Few examples of harnessing wind and solar energy efficiently and conveniently using local biomass and thermal energy are: Sail boats driven by wind energy, water warmers by solar IR radiation, grain grinder or water lifting wheels by natural low entropy hydro energy such as high altitude waterfalls or tap able lakes. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-IN"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-IN">CURRENT ENERGY USAGE TECHNOLOGY</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Thermal energy released from coal and crude oil is converted to low entropy energies. On providing energy of activation fuel molecules burn and liberate heat. One part of this releasing thermal energy is used in lowering entropy of the other part - such as concentrating chemical energy (pyrolysis, cooking) or conversion into embodied energy (material processing - metal refining, heat treatment) or converted into work - mechanical energy (heat engines). Larger part of heat is thrown out in open in the form of exhaust - increase of entropy. Thus, only less than half of the released heat energy is transformed into embodied or mechanical energy.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Conversion to mechanical energy is geometrically represented below.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">When heat is being released, gas molecules start travelling at high velocity in all directions. They act on total area of <b>4(pi)r</b></span><b><sup><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size:10pt;">2</span></sup></b><sup><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size:10pt;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-IN">inside a sphere of radius<b> 'r'</b>. To convert this kinetic energy of molecules into constrained mechanical energy, we can place maximum two pistons (all molecules forming a piston, moving in the same direction with the same velocity - constrained energy) of radius less than<b> 'r'</b> each, for the random gas molecules to act. Their area is less than <b>2(pi)r</b></span><b><sup><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size:10pt;">2</span></sup></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size:10pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-IN"><span style=""> </span>Molecular kinetic energy components in the directions, in which the two pistons can move, will only be useful for conversion into constrained mechanical energy. The ratio of “area available for random gas molecules to act" to “total area” is less than half. Thus only less than half of the thermal energy released can be converted into the constrained mechanical energy, more than half goes in exhaust, heat dissipation and entropy of the system increases.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span lang="EN-IN"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span lang="EN-IN">Maximum achievable<span style=""> conversion efficiency</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">If Q<sub>1 </sub>is heat taken at temperature T1°K, </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style=""> </span>Q<sub>2 </sub>is unconverted heat thrown out as exhaust at temperature T2°K and </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style=""> </span>W is the work done, then </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style=""> </span>W = Q<sub>1 </sub>─<sub> </sub>Q<sub>2<span style=""> </span></sub>(The law of conservation of energy)<span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style=""> </span>W <>2<span style=""> </span>(The law of increasing entropy). </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">From the above expressions maximum achievable conversion efficiency W/Q1<span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"></span><span style=""> </span>is < style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Maximum achievable efficiency in terms of temperature (T1-T2)/T1<sub><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span></sub><span style=""> </span>is also < style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span><span style=""></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span lang="EN-IN">And so, <span style="">T2 </span>is always < </span><span lang="EN-IN">T1/2</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Maximum achievable primary (thermal </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">à</span></span><span lang="EN-IN"> constrained energy) conversion efficiency is always less than 50%.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-IN"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-IN">Conversion</span></b><b style=""><span lang="EN-IN"> efficiency in practice</span></b><span lang="EN-IN"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">The lower the temperature and the slower the speed of the process, the higher is the efficiency. But temperature depends on fuel input. Fuel input and speed depend on load, a varying parameter related to the usage. Efforts in improving efficiency necessitates controller for synchronous matching of parameters. Considering embodied energy inputs in controller overall efficiency may not improve. Efficiency reduces with aging, increasing energy for maintenance and deteriorating environment. Very little overall efficiency improvements have been possible on heat engines.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span lang="EN-IN">Overall efficiency</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Mechanical energy is also further converted to electrical energy to be converted: </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Back to mechanical energy (motors, compressors), </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Back to thermal energy (heaters), </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">To chemical energy stored in batteries </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">à</span></span><span lang="EN-IN"> electrical </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">à</span></span><span lang="EN-IN"> mechanical (in electric vehicles) and to radiant energy (lighting, microwave oven </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">à</span></span><span lang="EN-IN"> heat).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Electricity is only a transitory form of energy in all applications except in data processing and transmission.<span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Since energy is 1) lost at every conversion, storage, transportation, 2) consumed in making equipments 3) lost in maintaining the equipments, the overall efficiency of energy service is very poor. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span lang="EN-IN">Heating by electricity requires many times more coal than heating directly by coal. Motion by electric motor requires many times more fuel than motion by fuel run heat engine. Similarly, illumination by electricity takes a lot more fuel than illumination directly by the fuel.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Many human societies are marching towards greater and greater inefficiency.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="EN-GB">SOCIAL EFFECTS</span></b><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Overall efficiency of energy usage by technology is very low and therefore it gives rise to many new problems such as requirement of new skills (training and employment), exchange media (monetary systems and host of regulatory/monitoring systems), infrastructure, etc and also huge waste. Addressing new problems by technology again, increases energy usage, compounding the effect, generating more problems and more waste. Rate of waste generation then exceeds the natural disposal rate, accumulating the waste harmfully.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-IN">Energy efficiency and conveniences<span style="text-transform: uppercase;"></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Better convenience – security, comfort and equipment generated enjoyment - is the reason for opting energy inefficient methods. The convenience of using electricity is: button start, no noise and pollution at the place of usage, door delivery, available on demand, etc. Since coal and crude oil energy is readily available to many human societies energy intensive technologies are on the rampage for more and more conveniences – security and comfort. Even enjoyment by status is linked to use of energy, the more the energy use the higher is the status. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Overall energy consumption increases with inefficient and extravagant usage with effects<b style="">:</b> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">1) High energy consumption systems – industrialisation - need reliably uninterrupted supply, in turn, control over resources, logistics and prices - matters raising conflicts. Every kind of pollution increases with energy usage. Both factors lower security, defeating the very purpose of using external energy. <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">2) Coal and crude oil reserves are available for free in nature but their processing, transportation, storage, etc and their usages by building equipments and maintaining them etc, including those for enjoyment, remain human functions - work load (work denotes “loss of freedom” and not “labour” in industrial world). Efforts to reduce human functions by automation technology actually increase the energy consumption and related effects - increased insecurity and increased work load. Thus, human society has to work to avail benefits of free energy. Work increases with energy consumption and increased work load lowers comfort (freedom), defeating the very purpose of using external energy. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">3) Basis of enjoyment is peace and freedom, adversely affected by insecurity and increased work. Inevitably, largely energy dependent societies evolve “progress, success and status” as enjoyment (development is physical but progress, success and status is only psychological). Societies socially engineer following concepts of enjoyments, storage of enjoyments (by holding/saving money) through education, media and policies. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">a) Competition, accessing power, hard work and “no time” (insecurity built-in).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">b) Complex, fast, large, tall/high/deep, hi-tech, automatic, latest (inherently inefficient).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">c) Artificiality-continuous growth, rising numbers, grand structures, clockwork discipline (heavily consuming energy, thereby reducing security and comfort).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">d) Technology can solve problems by research and development, mass production, etc. <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Nurturing such concepts result in rampant energy consumption, rapidly increasing, till the self limit is reached due to various reasons.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-IN">Perceptions </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Perception of security, comfort and enjoyment varies with individuals and communities. Perception of local biomass generated and food generated energy usage (self </span><span style="" lang="EN-GB">labour)</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-IN">efficiency is obvious. But, when coal and crude oil energy is converted into high energy density fuels and electricity, overall energy efficiency and side effects thereof are not perceivable due to complexity of transformations and the time gap or the delayed effects. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Human sensory system is designed to responds to radiant, thermal and mechanical energy, required to face in nature, and hence effects thereof are perceived by us naturally. But since humans did not have to deal with electrical energy in the past effects thereof are not naturally perceived. (Perpetual motion machines involving mechanical, thermal or radiant energy are seldom but those involving electrical energy are very often). </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">It is not perceived that energy embodied (in equipments) also disperses, whether used or otherwise, and therefore, everything including all living matter come with an expiry date.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Perception of pollution by local thermal and mechanical energy usage (smoke and noise) is perceived but pollution by electrical energy usage is not perceived because power plants damaging ecology and polluting environment are located away from end user of energy service.<span style=""> Efforts are centred on improving energy efficiency of electrical equipments but such an effort is like attending a leaky tap of a broken water tank.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Efforts to clear/treat pollution (using energy) creates more pollution is not perceived. Individuals can not perceive that working more and working hard reduces their security, comfort and enjoyment in future.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Human society, neglecting/overriding the law of entropy, is in a trap of external energy.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span lang="EN-IN">Observation</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Availability of free coal and crude oil energy should have reduced total work load of the human society, but the total work load and insecurity is increasing with the energy use. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Industrial technology has failed in providing net increase in security, comfort and enjoyment to the human society.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span lang="EN-IN">CONCLUSION</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN">Conveniences - security, comfort and enjoyment - are derived only if the external energy usage is limited to the extent: no new greater inconveniences are created. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-IN"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-IN">PART III – POST MODERN LIFE-STYLE (SUSTAINABLE ENJOYMENT)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span lang="EN-IN"></span><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></p>www.ecological-society.orghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03277606873549006844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7193000495744135887.post-65220612395811957432009-01-24T21:57:00.000-08:002011-02-07T01:09:29.891-08:00A Riddle of Energy Part 1<!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} 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mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults ext="edit" spidmax="1040"> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout ext="edit"> <o:idmap ext="edit" data="1"> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:130%;"><b><u>ECOLOGICAL MACRO ASPECTS OF ENERGY </u></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b>PART I - ENGINEERING PHYSICS</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></b></p> <p style="text-align: right;" class="MsoNormal"><b><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Girish Abhyankar<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></b></p><div style="text-align: right;"> </div><p style="text-align: right;" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>girish.abhyankar@gmail.com</p><div style="text-align: right;"> </div><p style="text-align: right;" class="MsoNormal"><b><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></b>Phone: +91 9860547471<b> </b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">Concept of energy</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="">Universe is made up of particles – molecules, atoms, ions, photons. Particles cause various forces resulting into their own motion. “<b>Motion</b> <b>of</b> <b>particle”</b> we call energy. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Human societies use motion of particles - <b style="">kinetic energy</b> - in following different forms. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">All the molecules forming a body constrained to move in one velocity vector<b style="">:</b> we call mechanical energy. Velocity measured in meters per second.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Random movement (in fluids) and random vibrations of molecules /diffusion of electrons (in solids)<b style="">:</b> we call thermal energy or heat. Temperature indicates velocity of the motion.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Motion of electric charges constrained to move through conductor from one pole to the other<b style="">:</b> we call electrical energy. Electric current (in Ampere) indicates velocity of motion.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Free or constrained motion of photons<b style="">:</b> we call radiant energy. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">All forms of energies are simultaneously present in any matter. We name mechanical, electrical (both constrained forms), radiant and thermal (normally random and free forms but can be constrained partially) energy depending on which motion we put to use. (Piston of an engine moves, and is also hot, radiating and electrically charged. We use only the constrained movement of all the molecules that make the piston and call it a source of mechanical energy). <span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Quantity of kinetic energy is a function of mass/number of particles and their velocity.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">If particles, due to their specific positions, are capacitated to release kinetic energy (by a trigger), we call it <b style="">potential energy </b>or stored energy. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Human societies use the following different forms of potential energy.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Gravitational energy is the positional (height) energy of a body with reference to a datum, used as mechanical energy when released. <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Chemical energy is the energy stored in configured arrangement of atoms/ions, used as thermal/electrical energy when released. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Accumulation of electric charges in capacitors is the stored electrical energy, used again as electrical energy when released. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Energy possible to be released by fission or fusion of atomic nuclei is nuclear energy, used as thermal and radiant energy when released. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Energy to activate a trigger for release of stored or potential energy into kinetic energy is called <b style="">activation energy</b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b> </b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Laws of energy</b>, traditionally called laws of thermodynamics:- </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><u>First law or the law of conservation</u>: <span style=""> </span>The energy of the universe is constant. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><u>Second law or the law of entropy:</u> <span style=""> </span>The entropy of the universe always increases <sup>[2]</sup>. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Both the laws are fundamental and applicable universally. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Entropy:</b> <span style="">At any moment of time every particle occupies a unique position in the universe. (Since one particle is occupying a position there can not be any other particle in the same position at that moment of time.) Forces depend on positions. Since position of every particle is unique, every particle experiences unique forces acting on it and therefore, motion of every particle is also unique. It is highly improbable that motions of particles are identical in respect of their velocity vector. Completely irregular motions of particles, as per the Law of Statistical </span><span style="" lang="EN-IN">Behaviour </span><sup>[1]</sup><span style="">, result in their dispersal. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Entropy is a measure of dispersal of particles.</b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">In all physical processes molecules and energies associated with their motions and positions disperse <sup>[3]</sup> in the direction of increasing probability <sup>[1]</sup>. Entropy is a function of the number of different ways or microstates in which the energy of the molecules in a system can be arranged by positions and velocities. The number of accessible microstates for dispersal of energy depends on the constraints imposed by internal and external forces on the molecular motions.<span style=""> </span>If the number of microstates accessible for dispersal of energy is small, due to constraints, entropy is low. If the number of microstates accessible for dispersal of energy is large, with no constraints, entropy is high <sup>[3]</sup>. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Entropy is at the highest when the rate of dispersal of energy is infinitesimal i.e. the dispersal virtually stops - a state of equilibrium corresponding to maximum of probability <sup>[1]</sup> for local and temporal frame of reference. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Entropy is independent of the path of the process (technology) and medium (materials) and depends only on the endpoint condition i.e. volume and temperature <sup>[2]</sup>.<span style=""></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Law of Entropy:</b> Any spontaneous changes in a physical system occur in the direction of increasing entropy <sup>[1]</sup>. Energy of any type will change from being localized to becoming dispersed or spread out -- in space, in quantum states ("energy levels") of microstates and thereby yield systems with greater numbers of microstates <sup>[3]</sup>. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Thus in processes of energy transformation, storage or transportation energy output is always less than the energy input because energy disperses continuously - entropy increases - and the energy available for the intended final usage reduces 1) in such processes 2) with the time.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Decrease of entropy is reversal of dispersal - collection. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Principle of decreasing entropy:</b> Entropy in one part of the system can be decreased if there is a compensating increase of entropy in its other part. The Law of Entropy requires only that the total entropy of the system increase and this can be arranged by making the second factor larger than the first. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><u>Example:</u> Some weight is placed on a shelf above the floor. According to the Law of Conservation of Energy, it is impossible that this weight will spontaneously and without any external help rise toward the ceiling. On the other hand it is possible to drop one (larger) part of this weight to the floor and use the energy thus released to raise another (smaller) part upward <sup>[1]</sup>. This trick is possible only if the weight is initially at a good height – possesses sufficient gravitational potential energy. If the weight is already near the floor, nothing can be raised upward. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Entropy can also be decreased by applying energy from outside the system under observation - weight lifted by a crane powered by an engine that runs by increasing entropy of coal or crude oil. But the energy stored as gravitational potential energy in the lifted weight is always less than the coal/crude oil energy spent in running the engine. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Decrease of entropy is a fall-out effect of increase of entropy somewhere in the universe. Energy for collection (decrease of entropy) is always more than the collected energy. <b><span style="text-transform: uppercase;"></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="text-transform: uppercase;"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">Observations in Nature</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Since entropy of the universe is increasing, we observe, universe is expanding. Stars throw out matter and energy in space. New, smaller stars are formed out of the matter and energy released from breaking-up of larger bodies. Matter and energies tend towards uniform distribution in space, on earth: denudation of mountains, soil erosion, etc.<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="">Solar radiation is due to entropy increasing on the sun. Solar r</span>adiation, <span style="">as received on surface of the earth,</span> is <span style="">composed mainly of three frequency ranges. About half lies in</span> <span style="">infrared (IR) range, the other half is in visible range and some also lies in ultraviolet (UV) range. </span>Intensity of solar radiation received on earth’s surface varies greatly throughout the day and the year. Since solar radiation reaching earth has no constraint, it is high entropy energy.<span style="font-size:14pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Frequency band of IR radiation generally matches natural frequency of many molecules over the surface of the earth and their random resonating vibration is the heating effect. Most of IR radiation is converted into heat. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The life on earth has to convert the only energy source on earth - solar radiant energy - into a suitable form required for survival and reproduction.<span style=""> </span>Surface heating - random motion with no constraint, high entropy energy - creates conducive temperature and other conditions, winds, rains etc, but can not be converted into low entropy forms of energy such as mechanical or chemical energy, because decreasing entropy is impossible.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Plant kingdom is able to store the other half - visible light and UV – of radiant energy falling on it as chemical energy: complex bio-mass molecules by <span style="" lang="EN-GB">synthesising</span> carbon dioxide, water and salts. Synthesis is decreasing entropy, possible by using huge amount of high entropy solar energy. Since energy necessary for collection of the same energy is more than the energy collected, plant kingdom remains stationery and collects whatever solar energy falls at their location. Plant kingdom grows very slowly because input solar energy is of low power. Plants spread themselves over larger surface area to receive maximum of solar radiation. They also use wind, rain and animal kingdom for their expanse to remote places, and grow wherever all inputs required by them are present.<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">For millions of years, photosynthesis has been the only method of decreasing entropy using solar radiant energy, not superseded by more efficient method by life on earth. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Animal kingdom on earth enjoys energy collected by plant kingdom in the form of biomass - food and raw material (low entropy energy). Animal kingdom maintains itself at a temperature higher than the ambient temperature by burning food and can, therefore, convert heat to mechanical energy for movement and to electrochemical form for data processing and communication, memory, etc as movement related functions. Input energy requirement of animal kingdom is large due to losses in energy conversions, heat radiation and friction met by consuming high energy density food readily available from the plant kingdom.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Animal kingdom survives by adopting itself such that it lives and reproduces on food generated energy, free natural services and not requiring any other <b>external energy</b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">External Energy (other than food generated energy)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Human societies use external energy, besides food generated energy, for additional security - shelters and storages - , for comfortable living - tools and machines - and for enjoyment - toys and communication gadgetry. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Resource energy can seldom be used by human societies directly in the form it is available in nature. Energy transformation, storage and transportation are necessary so that the energy is made available at the desired place, at the desired time and in the desired energy form with the desired specifications - temperature/voltage. This involves decreasing entropy. This is possible only if the resource energy is low entropy energy and entropy of some part of this energy can be decreased during sudden increase of entropy. <span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Thus, only low entropy resource is of any physical benefit to human societies; high entropy resource, however large in quantity and available perennially, is not.</b> <u>Example:</u> A tanker ship full of crude oil is a low entropy source because crude oil molecules are constrained inside the tank with fewer accessible microstates for dispersal. This resource is useful. But, if the crude oil spreads over the sea due to shipwreck, the crude oil molecules free, not constrained, with far more accessible microstates for dispersal, the entropy goes high, total energy remaining the same. Crude oil of increased entropy is useless for any benefit to the human society. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Decreasing the entropy has been possible by all kinds of heat engines (equipments) working on the above mentioned principle because the resource energy - coal and crude oil - is constrained in small volume and therefore, entropy is low. Ores found spread out in nature; at the lowest energy levels - the highest entropy - are collected, refined and then heat engines (equipments) are built using crude oil and coal energy. Building equipments is, thus, a process of decreasing entropy. Part of crude oil and coal energy used is deemed embodied in the energy conversion and support equipments to access, extract/collect, process, transport, install, store, activate, control, dispose the waste generated and also maintain both, the equipments and the environment affected. Embodied energy is the stored energy in positional/structural arrangement of molecules, manifested by saving in the process energy or facilitating energy transformation. However, embodied energy itself does not participate in the energy flow. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><u>Examples of saving in the process energy:</u> energy put-in to make a knife is deemed stored in the knife as embodied energy. Knife saves energy in the process of cutting. Vehicles, tools, machinery and explosives save process energy. Shelters save energy for protection. Processed food, medicines save internal body energy. Telecommunication equipments save data transportation energy. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><u>Examples of facilitating energy transformation:</u> Energy converters such as boiler, turbine, engine, cell, alternator, transformer, motor, pump, radiator, compressor, etc.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Storages such as battery and dam – facilitating energy/material storage; </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Transmission lines, pipelines – facilitating energy/material transport. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">According to the Law of Entropy, energy essentially disperses during conversions, storages and transportations. Embodied energy also disperses marked by continuous degradation of original properties of the equipments due to weakening of structural bonds - rusting, wear and tear, deformation, chemical changes, aging and eventual break-down, faster with the usage. Dispersed energy is lost, not preventable by any technology.<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Using technology human societies accelerate entropy increase of a low entropy energy resource: coal/crude oil (entropy increase of coal/crude oil will otherwise continue at a very slow rate) by way of friction, radiation, scattering and scrap and achieve their purpose in the process. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""> </b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">ENERGY SOURCES OTHER THAN COAL AND CRUDE OIL</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Considerable technological effort is devoted to development of all imaginable energy sources besides coal and crude oil because coal and crude oil reserves are exhaustible and also, their inefficient usage is damaging the environment. Solar radiation, wind, nuclear, hydro (rain and tidal) and natural/biogas are harnessed for electricity generation. Farm produce is converted to high density fuels as alternative to petrol and diesel. Energy from solar, wind, nuclear, rain water, tidal, hydrogen, geothermal, bio-fuels, etc is claimed to be renewable/sustainable/inexhaustible and friendly to the environment. It is necessary to check the correctness of these claims in larger interest of the human society. Attempts to evaluate these claims by energy accounting methods do not lead to conclusion.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""> </b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Evaluation of the claims</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The claimed renew able/sustainable/inexhaustible resources are evaluated below for conversion to any low entropy or constrained energy, particularly electricity, a desired energy form because it can be converted to mechanical, thermal, chemical or radiant energy conveniently. Electrical energy is movement of electrical charges, constrained to move through conductors from one pole to the other with very limited accessible microstates for dispersal and hence electrical energy is very low entropy energy. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_alHnzCRJXsU/TU-1-Lb02UI/AAAAAAAAAcc/_DgrLdMeKak/s1600/riddle%2Bof%2Benergy%2Bimage.JPG"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 450px; height: 233px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_alHnzCRJXsU/TU-1-Lb02UI/AAAAAAAAAcc/_DgrLdMeKak/s320/riddle%2Bof%2Benergy%2Bimage.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5570871343906609474" border="0" /></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Wind energy:</b> Air molecules and their kinetic energy (A) are free, unconstrained and therefore, wind energy is high entropy energy, not possible to convert to low entropy, mechanical or electrical energy. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">It is not possible to build a windmill of embodied energy (B) using energy in the wind because, due to high entropy, usable energy in wind (A) is less than the energy necessary to make the windmill or (A) < (B). Coal and crude oil energy (F) is, therefore, used for making windmills. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Energy embodied in windmill is less than the energy used making the windmill (B) < (F). In a windmill system, output energy is less than the input energy,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(C) + (B) < (A) + (F) where total energy delivered by the windmill in its life time is (C). </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Rearranging the above expression, (C) + (B) ─ (A) < (F). </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(A) < (B) and, therefore, (B) ─ (A) is always positive. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Thus, (C) < (F) or total energy delivered by the windmill in its life time is always less than the coal and crude oil energy input making the windmill. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Rearranging again, (C) < (A) + (F) ─ (B). </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Since (F) ─ (B) is always positive, (C) < (A). </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">But as (A) < (B), (C) < (B) or the total energy delivered by the windmill in its life time cannot provide energy to make another windmill of the same capacity. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Solar energy:</b> Radiant energy (A) from the sun is unconstrained and, therefore, the entropy is high, not possible to convert to low entropy thermal or electrical energy. Solar radiation concentrator or photovoltaic cell is made using crude oil and coal energy (F). The total energy delivered by the concentrator or the photovoltaic cell in its life time 1) is always less than the coal and crude oil energy input making them 2) cannot provide energy to make another concentrator or photovoltaic cell of the same capacity.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Hydro energy:</b> Kinetic energy of rain or tidal water molecules (A) is unconstrained and hence entropy is high, not possible to convert to low entropy electrical energy. Hydro power plant is made and operated using crude oil and coal energy (F). The total energy delivered by the hydro power plant in its life time 1) is always less than the coal and crude oil energy input making it 2) cannot provide energy to make another hydro power plant of the same capacity.<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Nuclear energy: </b>Isotope of uranium, U-235, is the only fissionable substance on earth, always found strongly diluted by the heavier unfissionable isotope U-238 (0.7% of U-235 and 99.3% of U-238), hindering the development of the progressive chain reaction in natural uranium. It is, in fact, only because of this dilution by the inactive isotope that the highly fissionable atoms of U-235 still exist in nature, since otherwise they would have been all destroyed long ago by a fast chain reaction among them <sup>[1]</sup>. Since energy dispersal from the nuclear energy raw material has virtually stopped; the resource is at equilibrium. The entropy is the highest and therefore, it is not an energy resource of any energy. Nuclear power plants are built and operated using coal and crude oil energy. The total energy delivered by the nuclear power plant in its life time 1) is always less than the coal and crude oil energy input making it 2) cannot provide energy to make another nuclear power plant of the same capacity. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Natural/Bio gas:</b> Gaseous form energy resource is a high entropy resource because gas molecules bubble out are free, unconstrained with very large number of accessible microstates to disperse. (Molecules of crude oil in liquid form are constrained by strong bonding forced with few accessible microstates for dispersal and, therefore, entropy is low. Energy density of natural gas as available on surface of the earth (STP) is 39.6 kJ per liter as compared to crude oil 37300 kJ per liter.) It is impossible to harness natural gas energy without external help. Gas power plants are built and operated using coal and crude oil energy where natural gas is compressed to 250 bar pressure to 11160 kJ per liter or liquefied to 25780 kJ per liter (decreasing entropy) for use in automobiles as fuel equivalent to petrol - 34920 kJ/liter or diesel - 38520 kJ/liter.. The total energy delivered by the gas power plant in its life time 1) is always less than the coal and crude oil energy input making it 2) cannot provide energy to make another gas power plant of the same capacity. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Farm produce:</b> Natural biomass, 7.5 tons/hector, crop standing 1 m tall, in 100 days is 11000 kJ per square meter or 110 J/liter/day is a highly spread-out energy resource equivalent to less than a drop of crude oil/day - high entropy. Making and operating equipments, providing other inputs required cultivating, collecting the farm produce from very large area and processing them to high density fuel is done using crude oil and coal energy. Energy cultivating, collecting and processing is more than the net energy available from the farm produce generated high density bio-fuels.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Human/animal generated mechanical energy from farm produced food as original source is also high entropy energy and, therefore, its conversion to low entropy electrical energy is not possible.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Hydrogen, geothermal, natural biomass, etc are also high entropy sources and provide no net energy benefits to the human societies. None of the energy sources is renew able or sustainable for current high energy density technology and life style. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">As (F) is always greater than (C); harnessing high entropy resources uses crude oil and coal in larger quantity; depleting their reserves faster and damaging the environment even more than if crude oil and coal were used directly for the same purpose. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">Evaluation methods</span></b><span style="text-transform: uppercase;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Evaluation of energy sources for their renew ability or sustainability by energy accounting method requires input energy data independent of exhaustible energy source. But, equipments for harnessing energy are necessarily made using exhaustible crude oil and coal energy as original source and therefore, energy accounting method is not applicable. Observing entropy of the resource energy is the only method of evaluation. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b> </b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Our energy measuring system <i>has to be</i> and <i>is</i> unidirectional - in the direction of increasing entropy. We convert all energies in question to heat and compare. We convert solar radiant energy to heat and measure. We burn biomass and measure the heat released. We compare these two measurements and conclude that 100 kJ of solar radiant energy <i>must have been</i> necessary to make 1 kJ of biomass energy. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">We can not measure in the direction of decreasing entropy. We can not experimentally measure how much solar radiant energy is converted to say 1 kJ of electrical energy. A photovoltaic cell is necessary<i> </i>for this conversion<i> </i>which is made using coal and crude oil energy as original source. We can not experimentally measure input solar radiant energy, energy for compression and thermal energy that go in making coal and crude oil used in making a photovoltaic cell. Thus overall efficiency of photovoltaic cell can not be estimated.<b> </b><span style="">I</span>nput/output method of evaluation is not applicable to non-biomass – solar, wind, nuclear, hydro, etc - energy sources.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Coal and crude oil is available for <b>free</b> in nature. We pay only for the human services involved in providing us derivatives of coal, crude oil or biomass energy. Original source energy is <b>free</b>. If the input energy is largely <b>free</b> evaluation of an energy source for sustainability, independent of coal and crude oil, by input/output method is misleading. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b> </b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">conclusion</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Solar, wind, rain water, tidal, hydrogen, geothermal and bio-fuels are not renewable/sustainable/inexhaustible energy sources and they with nuclear and natural gas are not friendlier to the environment than coal and crude oil. Machines and gadgetry converting these energy resources into any low entropy energy are perpetual machines of the second type and do not deliver any energy on the net basis.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Energy resources that are of low entropy on or very near the surface of the earth - coal and crude oil - are only useful for current high energy density technology and life style.<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Corollary: </b><span style="">S</span>uperconducting energy for net energy saving is impossible. <b><span style="font-size:11pt;"></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>References</b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">[1] George Gamow, <i>One Two three...Infinity </i>(Bantam Books, 1979) p. 200, 226-8, 186-7<span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">[2] Feynman Leighton Sands, <i>The Feynman Lectures on Physics</i> <i>Volume 1 </i>(Narosa <span style=""> </span>publishing House 1997) p. 566, 568 </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">[3] Frank L. Lambert, Professor Emeritus Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA. </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:100%;" ><a href="http://www.entropysite.com/boltzmann.html" target="_blank">http://www.entropysite.com/boltzmann.html</a></span><i><span style="font-size:10pt;"></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style=";font-size:10pt;color:blue;" ><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>PART II – CONVENIENCE VERSUS ENERGY EFFICIENCY </b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>PART III – POST MODERN LIFE-STYLE (SUSTAINABLE ENJOYMENT)</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="">November 15, 2010</span></p>www.ecological-society.orghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03277606873549006844noreply@blogger.com22tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7193000495744135887.post-62378121990106940232008-06-17T04:01:00.000-07:002008-06-20T03:10:28.542-07:00What is Wrong with Economics?<div align="justify">If economics is primarily concerned with allocation of scarce resources among competing wants, it ought to show deep understanding of resources and their utilization. It does nothing of the sort. Mainstream economics tries to interpret and analyze the working of Industrial Capitalism and that too without any attempt to probe the foundations on which Industrial Capitalism stands.</div><div align="justify"><br />Ideally environmental economics should fill in this gap but it too seems to be content in finding out and advocating certain palliatives which tend to bring in distributive justice in societal wealth distribution. The concept of sustainable development is introduced to counter depletion and deterioration of resources and promote their wise use. Resources are divided into manmade capital and natural capital. Economic sustainability is ensured if and when manmade capital is substituted for natural capital. But environmental sustainability cannot be achieved because the two are not perfect substitutes. Certain other requirements are to be fulfilled if environmental sustainability is to be achieved.</div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Scaling down economic activity may involve use of efficient technology to minimize energy and materials use, use of alternative sources of energy and even materials and ascribing proper prices to environmental (free) goods and nature's services. It is a moot question however, if distributive justice and social welfare can be achieved through adoption of these approaches. </div><div align="justify"><br />A fourth approach which prescribes local resources used to satisfy local wants is likely to bring in far more social equity than the three approaches mentioned above. The problems of limiting consumer sovereignty and reducing the scale of production are sought to be addressed here not by establishing a central planning authority but by decentralizing authority and investment. If priority is given to use of local resources, their care, maintenance and enhancement should also have top priority. Under Panchayat Raj adequate powers are available to grass roots organizations to achieve this. Some enlightened Panchayats are already taking advantage of powers conferred on them.</div><div align="justify"><br />If wise utilization of local resources results in an agricultural surplus over and above the basic necessities of the local population, it can be marketed and profits can accrue to the Panchayat. Local resources thereby will be given a value which is honored by the market. This value can be enhanced, local purchasing power increased, if local cultivars can be demonstrated to possess a unique taste, high nutritional qualities and durability. Marketing of such specialized products will bring in higher profits and larger purchasing power to grassroots organizations and rural public, thereby enhancing their interest and capacity to care for the quantity and quality of local resources.</div><div align="justify"><br />Demand and supply will then have an organic relationship with such basic resources as soil and water and they will not be driven solely by advances in technology as happens today. </div><div align="justify"><br />Something needs to be stated here about the ownership of resources. It is not necessary to do away with individual ownership. At the village level individual ownership can be retained but its use should be according to the needs of the village plan. Water may be individually allocated according to the crop pattern decided by the village. (Phad system from north Maharashtra which implies exactly these things needs to be publicized).</div><div align="justify"><br />Mainstream economics has been accused of not caring for the quality of consumer choices and the resultant composition of output. Irrational consumer preferences propelled solely by technological advance have resulted in a product mix containing mainly intermediate goods demanded by the rich and privileged. When much of the resources are allocated to such production, the owners of resource are only interested in collecting rent and not exactly in care and maintenance of resources. They will be more interested in high short term gains and not lower but assured gains over a longer time.</div><div align="justify"><br />When demand and supply are organically based the character of demand and the composition of supply are likely to be different. Priority will be given to the satisfaction of the basic needs of the masses than to production of high value, intermediate goods meant for the rich.</div><div align="justify"><br />Eventually industrial capitalism and fossil fuel driven economy are likely to be replaced by natural capitalism and a carbohydrates based economy.</div><div align="justify"><br />All this of course is easier said than done. A complete change of paradigms is in order. The legal emphasis needs to change from laws protecting exploitation of resources to laws protecting their conservation. Technological content needs to change in a similar fashion. We need greater doses and variety in what today is called appropriate technology---small scale and energy and materials efficient. Likewise radical changes are needed in our educational system. It may be easier to motivate groups of children in rural areas to take care of their own local resources such as the hill behind the village, the stream flowing through it, the quality of soils in their fields and wild flora and fauna found in and around the village. City children are already goaded to demonstrate against air pollution and traffic indiscipline. They can be further exposed to the reality of city's impact on the surrounding countryside and how resources and landscapes destroyed during city's expansion can be restored and regenerated. </div><div align="justify"><br />Such a paradigm change may also involve tremendous savings: in terms of reduced or abolished subsidies, in terms of savings in energy and materials use, in terms of transport and traffic, in terms of reduced waste and garbage and obviating the need for centralized, gigantic projects.</div><div align="justify"><br />As resources are diverted away from production of unnecessary or intermediate goods, the entire culture based on demand stimulation and promotion of a voluptuous life style will be gradually replaced by one which emphasizes quality of life including adequate health care, healthy and nutritional food for all, outdoor games and healthy recreation, care of the aged and the disabled, and promotion of arts and crafts.</div><div align="justify"><br />As villages become self reliant in resource use, as quality of life in villages is enhanced, the supply of resources to cities (enjoying top priority today) will be reduced putting a stop to today's unending urban growth. It may even result in reverse migration, from urban to rural areas.</div><div align="justify"><br />Lastly a word about the necessity of globalization, integrating Indian economy with the emerging world order. Ideally this paradigm also needs to change.</div><div align="justify"><br />India's location in the world is unique, a fact appreciated by travelers who crisscrossed India from east and west since ancient times. The result is high biodiversity and resource availability. With their proper care and utilization, Indians can be self sufficient despite the population pressure. Globalization is sought by countries which are or have become poor in resources and biodiversity. They need resources to satisfy the needs to their pampered life style. They cannot survive without export and import: export of technology and weapons and import of natural resources. India however, can be quite selective in adopting globalization. We need technology and knowledge to bolster our security needs. We do not need technology and knowledge which guzzle resources and cater to individual ego (like expensive cars). On the other hand we can export knowledge based on the study of biodiversity such as their care and maintenance and innovative uses for medicine, as raw material etc. </div><div align="justify"><br />In essence care and wise utilization of natural resources open up tremendous opportunities of employment, increase in purchasing power of the masses and enhancement of the quality of life in rural areas.<br /></div> <strong> © Prakash Gole</strong>www.ecological-society.orghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03277606873549006844noreply@blogger.com0